global development Flashcards
aid 20m
traps of aid
P-aid keeps underdeveloped
E-Collier 4 trap
A-Riddell agrees, kleptocracy
C- Sachs, bottom billion would be worse without it, 11million in Africa now go to school
E- aid is tied
tied aid
P-tied aid controlled by west to benefit them
E- Sierra Leone, privatisation of water
A- Hayter, hates aid, 60% aid = tied
C- tied aid avoids corruption, pays 80% world vaccinations
E-causes debt to developed world
neo liberals
P-vicious cycle of debt and dependency
E-owe $5trillion, cycle of dependency
A-Moyo, Africa still poor 1 in 7 don’t reach five
C- Rostow, aid essential for take off
E- limits countries economic independence, never reach age of high mass consumption, solution= trade not aid
modernisation on TNCs
-Rostow, play major role in take off
-TNC’s add technology, education and income which kickstarts economy
dependency on TNCs
-TNCs = exploitive
–Ellwood, form of ‘neo colonialism’
-TNC’s bully to open up economies for private investment
-Bakan, institutional psychopaths
-programmed to exploit and dehumanise people forprofit
e.g
nestle baby milk scandal
bhopal disaster
rana plaza collapse
Klein- low wage gehttos (43mil workers)
Neo liberals on TNCs
-TNC’s benefit society as create jobs for local people
-act local think global
-provide developing country with export revenue and invest in education and skills, placing them on the trading map
nestle baby milk scandal
-baby formula that had effects of health problems
-to eradicate, they sold to developing world
*neglected sanitation (mix with dirty water)
*4x more likely to die from pneumonia
*inadequate nutrition
bhopal disaster
-gas leak, chances to stop were avoided
*caused death and deformations
rana plaza collapse
-sweatshop (crowded workplace with poor, unsafe or illegal conditions)
*collapsed killing 1134, was known to be unsafe but the factory was gaining profit so it was disregardedA32
Calderisi (aid)
Africa has failed to use western aid efficiently and became in debt because…
1- poor economic management (over taxation led to Africa losing half it’s shares with the worlds agricultural markets. As well as this, debt management as other countries such as Indonesia has managed debt carefully and cannot understand why Africa receives special treatment)
2-lack of African unity (tribal or border conflicts halts ability to trade and reduces potential export income that could’ve been reinvested. Hard to attract investments to countries unwilling to share common interests such as transport)
3-Corruption (petty day to day corruption hurts poor the most as they have to pay higher % of income in bribes e.g have to hand over 2 weeks wages to obtain death certificate for burying relative)
4-lack of good governance (African leaders tend to be epitome of corruption, no other countries experienced such prolonged dictatorships. government not people that benefit from aid)
EPZ
export processing zones
-produce goods to export to west
-5000 in the world, employ over 43 million workers
-located on boarders for easy exportation
-unskilled labour due to technology and globalisation
Klein, to lure TNCs to EPZs, governments offer tax breaks, tax health and saftey regulations, and low minimum wage. Integration with local culture is bare minimum
-entire developing countries are being turned into industrial slums and low wage ghettos
collier traps
bottom billion = poorest in the world
1- conflict trap (countries receiving foreign aid are engaged in expensive civil wars so money won’t be used for development)
2-bad governance trap (kelptocracy, corrupt elite, control and/or steal aid for personal benefit)
3-land locked with bad neighbours trap (if land locked with poor transport links e.g Ugandas access to sea is dependent on Kenya’s infrastructure making transportation and trade links difficult)
4- natural resource trap (resources such as oil and diamonds are uncovered it often leads to civil war and unrest as groups compete for control of commodities)
Riddell, agrees with corruption trap.
-donor countries such as UK have to shoulder blame for failed aid as often give to countries that didn’t really need it (less than half official aid channelled to bottom billion) and too many donors leads to competeion and lack of coordination
NGOs
non government organisations
-charities such as Oxfam, Red cross etc, aim to raise donations from general public by raising awareness
-fundraising matched by department for international development
-target poorest
GNI
gross national income
-total value of goods and services produced by a country in a particular year
-given a per capita (person) figure
shows dramatic scale of inequality e.g UK= 40k, Ethiopia 180 (per capita)
-economic wellbeing of a society is measured by this
Debt crisis
-aid undermined through debt the developing world owe ($5 trillion)
-main reason for debt is due to interest rates (1970s, Jamaica borrowed $19million, paid back over $20billion and still owe more due to high interest rate)
- developing countries overdependent on selling 2 or 3 commodities, so when the price of these fall they need to borrow money to makeup the difference
-debt = counterproductive in regards to aid
- more money leaving dw in form of debt repayment than aid flowing in
-ends in rich countries giving aid in order to take back, nearly 1/4 African aid each year is immediately given back in form of debt repayments
Rostow
-anti communist manifesto- communism = disease that prevents development
-development = evolutionary in which countries progress up a ladder
stage 1- traditional stage (bottom, economy dominated by farming, little wealth, cultural barriers such as religion, strong links to extended family)
stage 2- preconditions for take off (western practises introduced, science and technology, modernise agriculture, manufacturing industry, communication and transport, investment from western countries act as fuel)
stage 3- take off (rapid economic growth, modern practises become norm, profits reinvested, emergence of new entrepreneurial class who are individualistic and risk takers, export goods, wealth trickles down)
stage 4- drive to maturity (continued economic growth and reinvestment, introduction of mass education (meritocratic), media, tv, medical technology, higher standard of living due to paid work from education, stabilised position)
stage 5- age of high mass consumption (ultimate stage, western level growth and development, urban rather than rural, high life expectancy, poverty = eradicated)
Pakko and Pollard, burgernomics
measure development of society
-Mcdonalds operates over 120 countries around the world and big mac is valued consumer, price however varies from country to country, wages differ too
-how many minutes a worker must work in order to buy a big mac, the shorter the period the more developed the country. USA and Uk around 11 minutes vs Phillipines 112 minutes
Gross national happiness
-measuring development
-Bhutan
-spiritual and emotional wellbeing takes priority over wealth and income
-holistic approach
-improve environment to achieve spiritual satisfaction
defining development
peet and hartwick-development means ‘making a better life for everyone’
-developed/undeveloped
-first world= developed industrial capitaliste.g usa
-second world= communist e.g china
-third world= undeveloped e.g africa
-more economically developed countries (MEDC)= wealthy industrial capitalist
-newly industrialised countries (NIC)= asian tigers, china, singapore
-less economically developed countries (LEDC)= positive economic growth but still dependent on agriculture e.g India
-least economically developed countries (LLEDC)= Bangledesh, Ethiopia
modernisation theory
Hunntington, modernisation = evolutionary process
McKay, made a ‘beguiling promise’ to poorer nations, if they were willing to follow same growth pattern then they will reach economic growth and development
Rostow- ladder
Following this Parsons argues development can only happen if other cultural barriers are overcome:
-religious values stress patriarchy
-ascription
-fatalism
-collectivism
= enemy of progression, instead should adopt
-meritocracy
-universalism
-individualism
neo-modernisation
Huntington
culture as primary variable for development
western culture = exceptional
-need to develop modern imagination in both thinking and practises
-Landes, Europeans are more rational, productive, literate, ordered and subscribe to a more advanced value system organised around democracy and free speech.
landes argues these should be aopted if DW wants to escape poverty
Sachs, bottom billion too malnourished to lift a foot to reach first motor and lack capital
failed economies= hot bed for terrorism, Huntington, failed societies = threat to usa and encourages nation building (forcing american values such as free trade and democracy)
AO3
:(sachs and huntington = selfish
:(ethnocentric
:(ignores crisis of modernism
:)big influence on global affairs e.g aid distributions
GNP for measuring development ‘economic wellbeing’
gross national product
-total economic value of goods and services available for consumption in marketplace of that year.
-USA 55,200 VS DEMRC 410
AO3
-sociologists view as unsatisfactory:
-questions of reliability
e.g Black- neglects invisible/illegal economies of subsistence e.g prostitution, drug dealing
-focuses on materialism and consumerism rather than personal happiness and progression
-Pickett and Wilson, developed in West which is accompanied by social problems and unhappiness
NGOs on measuring development
‘social wellbeing’
such as Oxfam
-should focus on social indicators of development , right to experience ‘social wellbeing’ e.g right for children to survive into adulthood due to access to safe water
-example= HDI human development index, aimed to measure social wellbeing such as years in schooling, life expectancy etc
-usa 99% literate vs sierra leone 43%
AO3
- doesn’t measure all sw aspects e.g peace and low crime rates
-not strong enough alone
defining development, environmentalist perspective
sustainable development
-process to economic and social wellbeing should be eco friendly to reduce jeopardy of future generations
-Black, aims to promote living standards as well as safeguards environment from growing pressures of population growth e.g environment degradation
aims to tackle deforestation, pollution, global warming
development as global wellbeing and millennium development goals
-consider a countries role in the world
-e.g environmental sustainability, promotion of world peace
-economic, social and sustainable brought together
Black- aims to improve standards and safeguard environment, ensuring future generations a sustainable environment rather than a terminal decline
millennium development goals
1- eradicate extreme poverty or hunger
2- achieve universal primary education
3- gender equality and empower women
4-reduce child mortality
5- improve maternal health
6- combat HIV/AIDS, malria etc
7-environmental sustainability
8-global partnerships
AO3
Collier, kleptocracy
criteria should include promotion of basic human rights (AO3 imperialism)
-ethnocentric
-global life expectancy improved
neo-liberals
-adoption of free market
-shaped policies of imf
dependency theory
Frank
-west deliberately keep developed world underdeveloped
-world capitalist system
-interlocking chain
-metropolis vs satellite
-exploitation
-slavery and coloialism
-dependency established under slavery
-triangular slave trade
neo-colonialism
-if independence achieved it’s through this
-wt dominated by west
-tnc
-aid
AO3
:( dependency hard to operationalise
:(some metropolisis satellite relationships can be good e.g usa and canada (health of usa economy depends on positive relations with countries)2
globalisation
kennedy- increased interconnectedness and interdependency of world’s nations
causes of globalisation
cohen and kenndey
‘set of mutually reinforcing transformations’ of the world
e.g
1-advances in mass communications (transforms concept of space and time)
2-nature of economic and financial markets has changed, no longer localised , 3 sisters of trade, TNC division of labour
3- culture = globalised e.g media ,news, fashion, food developed and manufactured fir global consumption Steven (despite differences in social context many listen to same music)
4- reflexive modernisation
-beck and giddens- risk evolved e.g people trafficking, climate change etc
cultural globalisation
rapid movement of ideas, values, attitudes etc
monoculture which is reinforced by media and influences peoples choices
cultural globalisation of food = dominated by American fast food e.g
35,000 mcdonalds in 118 countries which has global effect on diet and eating habits
economic globalisation
Friedman
rapid intensification of international trade resulting in dissolving economies
trade dominated by 3 sisters
neolibs see it as having economic and social benefits
neomarxists, Frobel,
tnc and banks more economically powerful than individual countries and therefore construct international division of labour whereby systematically exploit developing world
effects on domestic economies
-if western demand for product that dw is highly dependent on selling it puts them in harsh position
global risks
(globalisation)
spread of international crime e.g. internet fraud and drug trafficking, $500 billion a year
drug trafficking- linked to poverty, international trading system means poorer countries such as Afghanistan cannot survive on income provided by legitimate cash drops and turn to this
white collar crime- 24 hr global financial markets, can move large sums of money anywhere within seconds
Violence- international drug gangs compete for global dominance, terrorism is media fuelled
hyper globalism (globalisation)
globalisation having consequences on how people operate across world
hyper globalism-
globalisation eventually produce tolerant and responsible world citizens
-sen= hope for all humanity that will liberate from poverty
Friedman- golden straitjacket that all countries need to fit into in order to develop e.g privitisation
one size fits all (not always pretty or gentle but only model on the rack)
good smaritans (imf, wto,wb)
Pessimistic globalism
-Chang and seabrook
-negative phenomenon
-western imperialism
-chang- neolibs paint false picture by ensuring explotation
-chang, unholy alliance (imf, wto,wb) force countries down free trade e.g lending money if adoption of free trade happens ‘bad samaritans’
pessimistic globalism
(globalisation)
Pessimistic globalism
-Chang and seabrook
-negative phenomenon
-western imperialism
-monoculture
-chang- neolibs paint false picture by ensuring exploitation benefitting all
-chang, unholy alliance (imf, wto,wb) force countries down free trade e.g lending money if adoption of free trade happens ‘bad samaritans’
-global pillage not global village
Seabrook
-globalisation makes all other cultures inferior
-integration of monoculture = declaration of cultural war
-concentration of worlds media, controlled by west e.g usa disney, microsoft etc. thereofre impose monotropolistic views onto tv
mcworld
Barber and Schulz, McWorld
coca-colonisation
reshapes minds
seabrook resposnes
1-fatalistic response
2-resistence, e.g french culture tax
3-vehement, violence
world systems theory
(globalisation)
Wallerstein
-marxist based
-globalisation = crucial part of how capitalism is organised
structural relationship between 3 capitalist zones
1- core (developed e.g usa)
west, monotropic world trade, industrialist
2- semi-periphery (some wealth but also poor e.g brazil) resemble core countries but rely on core countries, elements of both
3- periphery (poor e.g africa)
bottom of hierarchy, exploited by core countries
-you can move up or down the hierarchy’s but there’s no evidence to show for it yet
-global version of relation ship between bourgeoisie and proletariat that Marxists see as major characteristic of capitalism
-mws = constantly evolving
-commodification (price to everything)
-deskilling (break down of complex skills into simple repeptitve skills)
-mechanisation (robot computerised technology)
AO3
:( economic reductionism, overlooks social, cultural and political factors
:(abstract and vauge
