Global Development Flashcards
what is development
the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced and makes economic or social progress
what affects economic quality of life
income
job security
housing
what affects physical quality of life
diet
water supply
climate
environmental hazards
what affects psychological quality of life
happiness
security
freedom
what affects social quality of life
family friends
education
health
What are the indicators of HDI
life expectancy at birth
access to education measured by expected years of schooling of children at school entry age
decent standard of living measured by gross national income per capita
what economic factors affect development
average wealth or income
growth rate of an economy
trade surplus/deficit
unemployment rate
cost of living
what social factors affect development
health
education
housing
equity
opportunities for leisure and recreation
what technological factors affect development
electrifiction
internet access
efficiency gains in farming and industry
what factors determine food security
availability
access
consumption
how many people die each year from a water related disease
840,000 people
how many people across the world lack access to clean water
750 million people
what are the ways of measuring development (except HDI)
GDP
infant mortality rate
number of people per doctor
internet penetration rate
electricity consumption per capita
what is GDP
the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year
what is HDI measured by
life expectancy at birth
mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years
expected years of schooling for children of school-entering age
gross national income(GNI) per capita
what are the causes of global inequalities
physical environment
demography
political and economic policies
history
social investment
health and disease
how does a countries physical environment lead to global inequality
landlocked countries have it more difficult to trade as goods have to be driven through other countries to get to the coast
it will be harder for countries affected by natural disasters
how does demography lead to global inequality
the highest rates of economic growth are experienced by nations where the birth rate has declined the most
how does the economy affect global inequality
open economies such as the UK that encourage foregin investment have developed faster than closed economies
how does political instability affect global inequality
corruption restricts investment into areas of the economy that could assist the country in developing
how does social investment affect global inequality
countries that have prioritised investment in education and health have generally developed at a faster rate
how does health and disease affect global inequality
people may be unable to work or go to school because of illness
how does terrain affect global inequality
steep mountainous terrain is more difficult to build on and limits farming
attractive scenery will attract tourists creating economic opportunities
what are the reasons for inequality in the UK
the physical geography in some areas is challenging
deindustrialisation due to emerging countries being able to produce goods more cheaply than UK
what has uneven development impacted
access to housing
health
education
employment
technology
food and water security
how has access to housing been impacted by uneven development
people on low incomes have limited access to adequate housing
how has health been impacted by uneven development
most people could be saved if they had access to inexpensive vaccines, clean water and sanitation
how has education been impacted by uneven development
more than 775 million people cannot read or write
larger families = less education
large families means saving is impossible and so it may not be possible to educate everyone in the family
how has employment been impacted by uneven development
opportunities for employment are much more limited in developing countries and areas where large numbers of people work in farming
how has food and water security been impacted by uneven development
water scarcity threatens to put world food securities in jeopardy, limit economic and social development and cause conflict
poor countries lack ability to import food, innovate in agriculture or invest in rural development
poverty
where people’s basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. Often on less than 2 dollars a day
relative poverty
when people do not experience a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by a government, between or within a country
absolute poverty
when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition)to support a minimum level of physical health
what is fair trade
small-scale producers group together to form a cooperative, which deals directly with retaliers in developed countries, who pay more than the world market price for the goods produced
why have most developing countries been keen to accept foreign aid
foreign exchange gap - countries lack the money to pay for imports
savings gap - population pressures and other factors prevent the accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure
what is FDI
convincing another country to invest in your country
what are remittances
international migrants send money back to their family in their country of origin
what are the different types of aid
international aid
government aid
multilateral aid
bilateral aid
short term emergency aid
long term development aid
why are remittances important
they are a very important source of income, exceeding aid, for many developing countries
what is top down
mainly Government
what is bottom up
mainly local people and NGO’s
What are the problems with Top Down strategies
local people have no say
needs a lot of money
takes a lot of time to plan.
what are the problems with Bottom Up strategies
not enough money at times
lot of people need to help
not as many people will benefit
reliance on funding from NGO’s
what are the positives of Bottom Up strategies
locals have a role
less locals are negatively affected
what are the positives of Top down strategies
more money available to use
more people will benefit
Describe India’s location
India is found in the South of Asia and is surrounded by seven different countries for example, Pakistan, China and Nepal. In addition to that, India is surrounded by two seas - the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal.
why are monsoon seasons so important in India
50% of food is from summer crops and the monsoon rain is vital for water supply and farming however it can lead to flooding
core regions
the more developed region of a country
periphery regions
less developed parts of a country which is left behind
what is the land area of India
3.3 million km2 - it is the 7th largest country in the world
what is the population of India
1.27 billion in 2015
what is the wealthiest city in India
Mumbai, it accounts for 7% of India’s GDP
what is the primary sector
extracting raw materials
what is the secondary sector
industry
what is the tertiary sector
services
what is the quaternary sector
research and development
what are imports
goods and services bought by a country from other countries. To pay for these goods, a country must sell things of which it has a surplus or which it can produce more cheaply than other countries
what are exports
goods and services produced by a country and sold to other countries
developmental aid
to promote economic growth and poverty alleviation in poor countries
political aid
to maintain the allegiance of governments that are politically aligned with the donor
what is bilateral aid
when one country gives money to another
what is multilateral aid
when more than one country gives money
why will the number of megacities in India increase
due to rural-urban migration as well as natural increase
why do people move to cities in India
more job opportunities
better healthcare
better quality of education
higher standard of education
higher wages
improved housing
how many people in India not have clean water
1 in 10 people
how much aid does the UK give India
200 million pounds
ow have business and companies improved the development in India
BT opened call centres in India and this employs thousands of people and gives them a hgiher income which means more tax that governments can use to develop other sectors.
McDonalds have invested in India and opened restaurants which provides a lot of people with jobs and therefore people will be able to afford housing so poverty levels decrease
what is the relationship between India and the US like
India is in discussions with USA for a defence agreement to provide shared logistcis for warships, fighter planes which could help provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief
what is the relationship between Indian and Pakistan
They in war due to territorial disputes over the Kashmir region
what is the relationship between Indian and Russia
India signed a pact with Russia to supply Indian army with missiles, developed fighter jets and build more nuclear power reactors. The pact increases income from exports
what have India done to improve literacy rates
India has made education free and compulsory for all children between ages 6-14.
India also now have more than 1.4 million schools and 36,000 higher education facilities
why are towns and cities growing in India
due to a combination of natural increase and rural-urban migration
what are the positive impacts of rapid development in India
more companies means a greater income and tax for the government which can be invested into improving the quality of life
people have more money to improve their lives
more jobs available
a better educated population provides a larger workforce
what are the negative impacts of rapid development in India
housing cannot be built fast enough so lots of people live in the slums
India’s energy consumption has increased and more fossil fuels are being burned
lack of infrastructure means 70% sewage flows untreated into rivers
how has India been environmentally affected by rapid development
air pollution
water pollution
deforestation and desertification
greenhouse gases
climate change
why has air pollution increased in India
due to particulate matter, air pollution has increased and caused 1.67 million deaths
how is air pollution affecting India
lots of money is lost which could have been used to improve services, there has also been lots of deaths
why has water pollution increased in India
due to sewage being dumped there, water bodies shrinking
how much surface water in India is polluted
80%
how is water pollution affecting India
lot of money is used to set up water treatment plants, people die and people get ill from bad water so cannot work
why has there been deforestation and desertification in India
due to commercial logging, conversion of forests to agriculture, urban expansion, grazing, mining and forest fires
how is deforestation and desertification affecting India
flooding, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, drought and food security is affected
why has greenhouse gases increased in India
India uses a lot of coal to provide them energy
how much carbon dioxide does India release
India has emitted 5164 tonnes of CO2 and so India is the 3rd largest emitter of CO2
what are the government in India doing to improve the quality of life
smart citiies
afforestation
solar panels
what do smart cities fo
build afforadble, energy efficient housing and good infrastrucutre to relieve pressure on existing cities and enable sustainable urban and economic growth in the future
what are some examples of smart cities in India
Pune, Chennai and Ahemdabad
how many cities are taking part in smart cities
100 cities,
what are the Government doing with solar panels
they are building a large scale solar park scheme which aims to increase economic growth by providing more power and by increasing renewable energy use in India to reduce air pollution and reduce greenhouse gas emission
why are India trying to use more solar panels
to reduce their reliance on coal fired power stations and improve the quality of air
what does afforestation do
increase soil quality and air quality
why are people in India doing afforestation
people in Maharashtra have reforested degraded land near the village allowing them to grow organic produce which villagers sell to the middle class people.
