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geography > Global Development > Flashcards

Global Development Flashcards

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1
Q

what is development

A

the process in which someone or something grows or changes and becomes more advanced and makes economic or social progress

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2
Q

what affects economic quality of life

A

income
job security
housing

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3
Q

what affects physical quality of life

A

diet
water supply
climate
environmental hazards

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4
Q

what affects psychological quality of life

A

happiness
security
freedom

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5
Q

what affects social quality of life

A

family friends
education
health

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6
Q

What are the indicators of HDI

A

life expectancy at birth
access to education measured by expected years of schooling of children at school entry age
decent standard of living measured by gross national income per capita

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7
Q

what economic factors affect development

A

average wealth or income
growth rate of an economy
trade surplus/deficit
unemployment rate
cost of living

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8
Q

what social factors affect development

A

health
education
housing
equity
opportunities for leisure and recreation

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9
Q

what technological factors affect development

A

electrifiction
internet access
efficiency gains in farming and industry

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10
Q

what factors determine food security

A

availability
access
consumption

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11
Q

how many people die each year from a water related disease

A

840,000 people

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12
Q

how many people across the world lack access to clean water

A

750 million people

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13
Q

what are the ways of measuring development (except HDI)

A

GDP
infant mortality rate
number of people per doctor
internet penetration rate
electricity consumption per capita

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14
Q

what is GDP

A

the total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year

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15
Q

what is HDI measured by

A

life expectancy at birth
mean years of schooling for adults aged 25 years
expected years of schooling for children of school-entering age
gross national income(GNI) per capita

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16
Q

what are the causes of global inequalities

A

physical environment
demography
political and economic policies
history
social investment
health and disease

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17
Q

how does a countries physical environment lead to global inequality

A

landlocked countries have it more difficult to trade as goods have to be driven through other countries to get to the coast

it will be harder for countries affected by natural disasters

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18
Q

how does demography lead to global inequality

A

the highest rates of economic growth are experienced by nations where the birth rate has declined the most

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19
Q

how does the economy affect global inequality

A

open economies such as the UK that encourage foregin investment have developed faster than closed economies

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20
Q

how does political instability affect global inequality

A

corruption restricts investment into areas of the economy that could assist the country in developing

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21
Q

how does social investment affect global inequality

A

countries that have prioritised investment in education and health have generally developed at a faster rate

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22
Q

how does health and disease affect global inequality

A

people may be unable to work or go to school because of illness

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23
Q

how does terrain affect global inequality

A

steep mountainous terrain is more difficult to build on and limits farming

attractive scenery will attract tourists creating economic opportunities

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24
Q

what are the reasons for inequality in the UK

A

the physical geography in some areas is challenging

deindustrialisation due to emerging countries being able to produce goods more cheaply than UK

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25
Q

what has uneven development impacted

A

access to housing
health
education
employment
technology
food and water security

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26
Q

how has access to housing been impacted by uneven development

A

people on low incomes have limited access to adequate housing

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27
Q

how has health been impacted by uneven development

A

most people could be saved if they had access to inexpensive vaccines, clean water and sanitation

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28
Q

how has education been impacted by uneven development

A

more than 775 million people cannot read or write
larger families = less education

large families means saving is impossible and so it may not be possible to educate everyone in the family

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29
Q

how has employment been impacted by uneven development

A

opportunities for employment are much more limited in developing countries and areas where large numbers of people work in farming

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30
Q

how has food and water security been impacted by uneven development

A

water scarcity threatens to put world food securities in jeopardy, limit economic and social development and cause conflict

poor countries lack ability to import food, innovate in agriculture or invest in rural development

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31
Q

poverty

A

where people’s basic needs for food, clothing and shelter are not being met. Often on less than 2 dollars a day

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32
Q

relative poverty

A

when people do not experience a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by a government, between or within a country

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33
Q

absolute poverty

A

when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition)to support a minimum level of physical health

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34
Q

what is fair trade

A

small-scale producers group together to form a cooperative, which deals directly with retaliers in developed countries, who pay more than the world market price for the goods produced

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35
Q

why have most developing countries been keen to accept foreign aid

A

foreign exchange gap - countries lack the money to pay for imports

savings gap - population pressures and other factors prevent the accumulation of enough capital to invest in industry and infrastructure

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36
Q

what is FDI

A

convincing another country to invest in your country

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37
Q

what are remittances

A

international migrants send money back to their family in their country of origin

38
Q

what are the different types of aid

A

international aid
government aid
multilateral aid
bilateral aid
short term emergency aid
long term development aid

39
Q

why are remittances important

A

they are a very important source of income, exceeding aid, for many developing countries

40
Q

what is top down

A

mainly Government

41
Q

what is bottom up

A

mainly local people and NGO’s

42
Q

What are the problems with Top Down strategies

A

local people have no say
needs a lot of money
takes a lot of time to plan.

43
Q

what are the problems with Bottom Up strategies

A

not enough money at times
lot of people need to help
not as many people will benefit
reliance on funding from NGO’s

44
Q

what are the positives of Bottom Up strategies

A

locals have a role
less locals are negatively affected

45
Q

what are the positives of Top down strategies

A

more money available to use
more people will benefit

46
Q

Describe India’s location

A

India is found in the South of Asia and is surrounded by seven different countries for example, Pakistan, China and Nepal. In addition to that, India is surrounded by two seas - the Arabian sea and the Bay of Bengal.

47
Q

why are monsoon seasons so important in India

A

50% of food is from summer crops and the monsoon rain is vital for water supply and farming however it can lead to flooding

48
Q

core regions

A

the more developed region of a country

49
Q

periphery regions

A

less developed parts of a country which is left behind

50
Q

what is the land area of India

A

3.3 million km2 - it is the 7th largest country in the world

51
Q

what is the population of India

A

1.27 billion in 2015

52
Q

what is the wealthiest city in India

A

Mumbai, it accounts for 7% of India’s GDP

53
Q

what is the primary sector

A

extracting raw materials

54
Q

what is the secondary sector

A

industry

55
Q

what is the tertiary sector

A

services

56
Q

what is the quaternary sector

A

research and development

57
Q

what are imports

A

goods and services bought by a country from other countries. To pay for these goods, a country must sell things of which it has a surplus or which it can produce more cheaply than other countries

58
Q

what are exports

A

goods and services produced by a country and sold to other countries

59
Q

developmental aid

A

to promote economic growth and poverty alleviation in poor countries

60
Q

political aid

A

to maintain the allegiance of governments that are politically aligned with the donor

61
Q

what is bilateral aid

A

when one country gives money to another

62
Q

what is multilateral aid

A

when more than one country gives money

63
Q

why will the number of megacities in India increase

A

due to rural-urban migration as well as natural increase

64
Q

why do people move to cities in India

A

more job opportunities
better healthcare
better quality of education
higher standard of education
higher wages
improved housing

65
Q

how many people in India not have clean water

A

1 in 10 people

66
Q

how much aid does the UK give India

A

200 million pounds

67
Q

ow have business and companies improved the development in India

A

BT opened call centres in India and this employs thousands of people and gives them a hgiher income which means more tax that governments can use to develop other sectors.

McDonalds have invested in India and opened restaurants which provides a lot of people with jobs and therefore people will be able to afford housing so poverty levels decrease

68
Q

what is the relationship between India and the US like

A

India is in discussions with USA for a defence agreement to provide shared logistcis for warships, fighter planes which could help provide humanitarian assistance and disaster relief

69
Q

what is the relationship between Indian and Pakistan

A

They in war due to territorial disputes over the Kashmir region

70
Q

what is the relationship between Indian and Russia

A

India signed a pact with Russia to supply Indian army with missiles, developed fighter jets and build more nuclear power reactors. The pact increases income from exports

71
Q

what have India done to improve literacy rates

A

India has made education free and compulsory for all children between ages 6-14.

India also now have more than 1.4 million schools and 36,000 higher education facilities

72
Q

why are towns and cities growing in India

A

due to a combination of natural increase and rural-urban migration

73
Q

what are the positive impacts of rapid development in India

A

more companies means a greater income and tax for the government which can be invested into improving the quality of life

people have more money to improve their lives

more jobs available

a better educated population provides a larger workforce

74
Q

what are the negative impacts of rapid development in India

A

housing cannot be built fast enough so lots of people live in the slums

India’s energy consumption has increased and more fossil fuels are being burned

lack of infrastructure means 70% sewage flows untreated into rivers

75
Q

how has India been environmentally affected by rapid development

A

air pollution
water pollution
deforestation and desertification
greenhouse gases
climate change

76
Q

why has air pollution increased in India

A

due to particulate matter, air pollution has increased and caused 1.67 million deaths

77
Q

how is air pollution affecting India

A

lots of money is lost which could have been used to improve services, there has also been lots of deaths

78
Q

why has water pollution increased in India

A

due to sewage being dumped there, water bodies shrinking

79
Q

how much surface water in India is polluted

A

80%

80
Q

how is water pollution affecting India

A

lot of money is used to set up water treatment plants, people die and people get ill from bad water so cannot work

81
Q

why has there been deforestation and desertification in India

A

due to commercial logging, conversion of forests to agriculture, urban expansion, grazing, mining and forest fires

82
Q

how is deforestation and desertification affecting India

A

flooding, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, climate change, drought and food security is affected

83
Q

why has greenhouse gases increased in India

A

India uses a lot of coal to provide them energy

84
Q

how much carbon dioxide does India release

A

India has emitted 5164 tonnes of CO2 and so India is the 3rd largest emitter of CO2

85
Q

what are the government in India doing to improve the quality of life

A

smart citiies
afforestation
solar panels

86
Q

what do smart cities fo

A

build afforadble, energy efficient housing and good infrastrucutre to relieve pressure on existing cities and enable sustainable urban and economic growth in the future

87
Q

what are some examples of smart cities in India

A

Pune, Chennai and Ahemdabad

88
Q

how many cities are taking part in smart cities

A

100 cities,

89
Q

what are the Government doing with solar panels

A

they are building a large scale solar park scheme which aims to increase economic growth by providing more power and by increasing renewable energy use in India to reduce air pollution and reduce greenhouse gas emission

90
Q

why are India trying to use more solar panels

A

to reduce their reliance on coal fired power stations and improve the quality of air

91
Q

what does afforestation do

A

increase soil quality and air quality

92
Q

why are people in India doing afforestation

A

people in Maharashtra have reforested degraded land near the village allowing them to grow organic produce which villagers sell to the middle class people.

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