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geography > climate change and weather hazards > Flashcards

climate change and weather hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 4 types of differential heating

A
  1. Radiation at equator
  2. Aerial tilt
  3. Atmospheric particles
  4. Albedo effect
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2
Q

What is radiation at equator

A

sun’s heat is more intensive at equator than poles and elsewhere

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3
Q

what is albedo effect

A

darker areas absorb light, lighter areas reflect light

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4
Q

what happens as air cools

A

pressure is higher, sinking air and clear skies

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5
Q

what happens as air is heated

A

pressure is lower, rising air and rain

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6
Q

what is an ocean current

A

continuous and directed movement of sea water, created by a number of forces acting on water such as wind

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7
Q

how do oceans distribute heat

A

oceans receive most of suns energy, the ocean currents then move the heat around

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8
Q

what is inter tropical convergence zone

A

band of low pressure near equator

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9
Q

what are jet streams

A

fast flowing, narrow meandering air currents

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10
Q

how do jet streams play a key role in determining weather

A

they separate cold and warm air

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11
Q

what is climate change

A

large scale, long term shift in planets weather patterns or average temperatures

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12
Q

what is global warming

A

ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth’s surface.

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13
Q

what is the main cause of global warming

A

increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere

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14
Q

what is another word for the quaternary period

A

glacial period

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15
Q

what is the quaternary period

A

when ice sheets and other types of glaciers expanded to cover large areas of land

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16
Q

what period are we in

A

warmer interglacial periods

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17
Q

what are sun spots

A

dark spots on sun mean sun in more active than usual. Lots of spots mean that more solar energy is being fired towards earth

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18
Q

when do sun spots come

A

they come and go in 11 year cycles

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19
Q

Do sun spots cool or warm the Earth

A

It warms it

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20
Q

How do volcanic eruptions affect climate

A

Volcanic eruptions produce ash and sulphur dioxide gas and if they rise high enough they will spread around Earth and stop sunlight from reaching surface

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21
Q

How long does the blanket of ash and sulphur dioxide gas last

A

1-2 years

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22
Q

Do volcanic eruptions cool or warm the climate

A

cool

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23
Q

What is eccentricity

A

every 100,000 years the orbit of the earth changes. When the orbit is more elliptical, the earth is cooler but when the orbit is more circular it is hotter

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24
Q

how does eccentricity cause climate change

A

when orbit is more circular, the Earth is warmer but when orbit is more elliptical, Earth is cooler

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25
Q

What is obliquity

A

over 41,000 years earths axis moves from 22.1 degrees to 24.5 degrees and back again.

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26
Q

How does obliquity cause climate change

A

Greater the tilt angle (obliquity), the hotter the summers and the cooler the winters

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27
Q

what is precession

A

The earth’s axis wobbles.

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28
Q

How does precession cause climate change

A

In some part of world, this results in very long days or nights and place with longer days(light) means it will be warmer.

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29
Q

evidence for natural climate change

A

ice cores, pollen, tree rings, historical records, geological fossil evidence

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30
Q

what are ice cores

A

cylinders of ice drilled out of an ice sheet or glacier

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31
Q

how do you find evidence for climate change from ice cores

A

they have small bubbles of air that have a sample of atmosphere and from this you can measure past conc of gases

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32
Q

Are ice cores reliable

A

Yes, they are scientifically proven and were preserved

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33
Q

What are historical sources

A

Photographs, drawings, paintings, books, diaries, newspapers etc..

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34
Q

are historical sources reliable

A

No, people might have made fake things or altered things

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35
Q

What is dendrochronology

A

study of the growth of tree rings

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36
Q

How is dendrochronology evidence for climate change

A

Thinner rings mean lower precipitation that year.

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37
Q

Are tree rings reliable

A

No, as trees can be watered, fertilised etc.. to alter the growth

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38
Q

How is pollen evidence for climate change

A

Pollen grains are found in many sediments and can be used to infer which plants existed at what time and plant types vary under different climate conditions.

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39
Q

Is pollen reliable

A

No as it can be carried by wind and plants which usually don’t grow in places can be planted

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40
Q

what are fossils

A

preserved remains of an organism

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41
Q

consequences of climate change

A

decrease in crop yields
less fresh water
drought and therefore water shortages
more intense hurricanes
more mosquitoes and disease

42
Q

factors affecting climate change

A

maritime influence
prevailing wind
altitude
ocean currents
circulation cells
latitude
air masses

43
Q

saffir simpson scale

A

hurricane wind scale to determine how powerful it is

44
Q

how tropical cyclones form ( simple)

A

warm ocean heats air above
rising warm air evaporates and starts to spin
air cools and condenses to form towering cumulonibus clouds
intense low pressure sucks in air causing strong winds

45
Q

hazards caused by tropical cyclones

A

intense rainfall
coastal flooding
landslides
storm surges
strong winds

46
Q

typical immediate responses

A

emergency food
emergency shelter
evacuation

47
Q

typical long term responses

A

rebuilding buildings
hazard management plans

48
Q

gdp of USA

A

20.94 trillion dollars

49
Q

when did Hurricane Sandy take place

A

late October 2012

50
Q

what category was Hurricane Sandy

A

Category 3

51
Q

social impacts of Hurricane Sandy

A

72 deaths in USA
power failure in hospital
Stresses and anxious people
8.5 millions homes and buildings with no power
supermarkets out if essentials
600,000 homes destroyed

52
Q

economic impacts of Hurricane Sandy

A

71 billion in damages
flights cancelled
crops destroyed
possessions lost

53
Q

environmental impacts of hurricane Sandy

A

800,000 homes destroyed
untreated sewage in public drinking water
no transport
animal habitats destroyed

54
Q

immediate responses to hurricane Sandy

A

police evacuated people in danger
schools shut
transportation shut
evacuation centres
people put sand bags out
removing debris from streets

55
Q

long term responses to Hurricane Sandy

A

Plan rebuilding
charity fundraisers
investments in coastal protection
training people what to do in hurricane

56
Q

where is the Philippines located

A

Southeast Asia and the capital is Manila

57
Q

how often is Philippines affected by typhoons

A

more than 20 typhoons a year

58
Q

gdp of the Philippines

A

361.5 billions dollars

59
Q

population density of Philippines

A

368km^2

60
Q

life expectancy of Philippines

A

66 years - men
73 years - female

61
Q

category on saffir simpson scale

A

category 5 ( highest)

62
Q

when did Typhoon Haiyan take place

A

November 2013

63
Q

social impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A

more than 7,000 people killed
1.9 million people homeless
outbreak of disease
Lack of food, water, medication etc..
population doubled in less effected areas
looting

64
Q

economic impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A

5.8 billion dollars in damage
6 million people lost source of income
rice, corn, sugar areas destroyed
airport severely damaged
fishing communities destroyed
rise in proces

65
Q

environmental impacts of Typhoon Haiyan

A

floods damaged homes and businesses
71,000 hectare farmland affected
loss of habitat
thousands of trees destroyed
roads blocked by trees

66
Q

immediate responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A

750,000 residents evacuated
asked for national help
charities provided emergency food, water and shelter
government provided emergency food, shelter, medicine

67
Q

long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan

A

Charities
International aid appeal for 480 million dollars
no build zones
rebuilding 205,000 homes for 1 million people
tourism encouraged to raise money

68
Q

what is meteorological drought

A

drought caused by weather. It is caused by lack of precipitation and lack of moisture in atmosphere

69
Q

what is hydrological drought

A

when there is a deficiency of surface water often as a result of less precipitation or excessive reliance on surface water

70
Q

3 human causes of drought

A

Dams
Agriculture
Deforestation

71
Q

how do dams lead to drought

A

they restrict the flow of water in the river which leads to a drop in water levels further downstream, leaving an area of drought

72
Q

how does agriculture lead to drought

A

when water is taken from wetter areas to irrigate agriculture or pumped from rivers or groundwater, leaving water supplies lower

73
Q

how does deforestation lead to drought

A

if there are no trees there will be nothing to intercept and absorb rainwater and reduced amount of water in soil as rain tends to fall and wash off the land as surface run off.

74
Q

social impacts of drought

A

ill health caused by low supply or low quality of water
depression and anxiety
migration as people move away from affected areas

75
Q

economic impacts of drought

A

industries like farming unable to support jobs = unemployment
higher bills
food prices increase as farm production decreases
related industries see drop in income

76
Q

environmental impacts of drought

A

wild animals suffer from loss of water
habitats damaged or lost
soil dry and cracked, no longer supporting plants
endangered species can go extinct
wildlife may migrate from area
wildfires increased

77
Q

why are some areas more vulnerable to drought

A

less water vapour in atmosphere so less precipitation
time when precipitation is received
drought is more likely at coast - location
age of people in the area

78
Q

population of California

A

38.8 million

79
Q

when did the California drought happen

A

January 2014

80
Q

How long did the California drought last

A

3 years

81
Q

social and economic impacts of the Cali drought

A

around 1 billion dollars lost
cost 454 million dollars to pump groundwater
price of fruit and veg increased by 6%
17,100 part time jobs lost

82
Q

environmental impacts of Cali drought

A

increase in wildfires, over 7000 in 2014
146 wildfire injuries
dried up rivers
428,000 acres of crops out of production
102 million trees died since 2010

83
Q

individuals responses to Cali drought

A

planting smaller crops
reduce water consumption by 20%
shorten showers
replace lawns with drought resistant plants

84
Q

Government responses to Cali drought

A

Obama gave 183 million dollars
Governor signed relief legislation for 687 million dollars
fish rescue
500 dollar fines for watering lawn more than x1 a week

85
Q

organisations responses to Cali drought

A

restaurants only put water on table if asked
hotels ask if towels need to be washed
forecasting models developed by NASA

86
Q

climate of Namibia

A

subtropical desert climate, great differences in night and day

87
Q

why does Namibia suffer from drought

A

poor rainfall, low soil moisture, lots of water needed to extract raw materials

88
Q

when was the Namibia drought

A

2013

89
Q

how long has the Namibia drought lasted

A

30 years

90
Q

social and economic impacts of Namibia drought

A

778,000 Namibians severely food insecure
malnutritions is 2nd main cause of death
1/4 pop live in poverty
1/3 people dependant on farming
people forced to sell livestock

91
Q

environmental impacts of Namibia drought

A

harvest yield 42% less than in 2012
large areas changing from grassland to dessert

92
Q

individual responses to Namibia drought

A

sell livestock for cheaper
move to cities
abandon villages

93
Q

Government responses to Namibia

A

pledged for 20 million dollars for relief
food for work program
emergency water supply
free food for vulnerable people
option to sell livestock

94
Q

organisations responses to Namibia

A

Algerian government donated 1 million in food aid
Unicef appealed for 7.4 million dollars
lutherian chuch provided basic food assistance

95
Q

how does deforestation lead to drought (3)

A

Widespread deforestation for farming (1) can reduce the amount of
transpiration (1) which reduces the amount of moisture in the
atmosphere (1) which leads to less rainfall (1).

96
Q

how construction of dams leads to drought (3)

A

The construction of dams for water storage (1) can lead to the
storage of water behind the dam (1) which reduces the amount of
water flowing downstream (1) which leads to a shortage of water (1).

97
Q

how burning of fossil fuels leads to drought

A

The burning of fossil fuels (1) is leading to rising temperatures (1)
which can lead to lower rainfall in some places (1) reducing the
amount of water available (1).

98
Q

ways government can respond to drought

A

education programmes
emergency supplies
water restrictions
water metres

99
Q

why more heat energy is received at Equator (3)

A

Heat/radiation from the sun is more concentrated at the Equator
(1) because the sun’s rays are more direct here (1) due to the
curved shapes of the Earth (1).

100
Q

why temperature varies seasonally in UK (3)

A

This is due to axial tilt (1) which means that less sunlight is received in the
winter (1) which means that it is colder (1)

OR

There is more sunlight in summer (1) which means that there is more
energy (1) which leads to warmer temperatures (1).

101
Q

why tropical cyclones do not travel far inland (3)

A

When the tropical cyclone reaches land it is cut off from the water (1) which
provides its energy source (1) causing the storm to die (1).

geography (12 decks)

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