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geography > ecosystems, biodiversity and management > Flashcards

ecosystems, biodiversity and management Flashcards

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1
Q

temp of tropical rainforest

A

27-30 degrees celsius and wet all year

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2
Q

temp of tropical grasslands

A

25-35 degrees celsius and 500-1000mm rainfall

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3
Q

temp of deserts

A

hot all year and very low rainfall

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4
Q

temp of temperate grasslands

A

hot in summer and cold in winter

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5
Q

temp of tundra

A

below 0 degrees most of year

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6
Q

how are seasons created

A

through the tilt of the earth on its axis

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7
Q

Why precipitation is high in mountains

A

high mountains force air to rise and cool as it passes over them.

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8
Q

vegetation of tropical rainforest

A

huge variety of broadleaved plants. Trees dominate other plants

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9
Q

vegetation of tropical grasslands

A

tall grass with some trees and shrubs

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10
Q

vegetation of temperate grasslands

A

very few trees or shrubs

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11
Q

vegetation of deserts

A

plants with water storing features and extensive root system

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12
Q

vegetation of temperate forest

A

deciduous trees

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13
Q

vegetation of boreal forests

A

coniferous trees

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14
Q

vegetation of the tundra

A

mostly lichens and mosses

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15
Q

what 3 factors affect distribution

A

altitude, soils, humans

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16
Q

how altitude affects distribution

A

temperature drops 1 degree for every 100m gained

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17
Q

how soils affect distribution

A

characteristics of ecosystem change by different type of soil or soil conditions

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18
Q

how humans affect distribution

A

Human activities alter local characteristics of ecosystems

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19
Q

what are the resources of the biosphere

A

Food - fruits/veg/meat
Medicine - plants have medicinal properties
Fuel resources - wood/biofuels
Building materials - timber/animal poo

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20
Q

abiotic

A

non living parts of an ecosystem such as water and light

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21
Q

biotic

A

living parts of an ecosystem such as plants and animals

22
Q

what are woodlands

A

land covered with trees

23
Q

moorlands

A

found in upland areas. Rough grasslands and peat bogs

24
Q

wetlands

A

low nutrient and waterlogged soils

25
Q

heathlands

A

some are dry and sandy, others are marshy

26
Q

What are marine ecosystems used for

A

recreation
tourism
commercial fishing
energy production

27
Q

benefits of marine ecosystem

A

tourism
fishing
oil
offshore wind farms

28
Q

human activities damaging marine

A

overfishing
offshore wind farms
eutrophication - when water becomes enriched with nutrients

29
Q

Characteristics of tropical rainforests

A

deciduous trees
tall trees with shallow roots
stratification
soils low in nutrients

30
Q

rainforest goods

A

medicine
oxygen
timber such as rosewood
food

31
Q

rainforest services

A

maintaining biodiversity
recreation
home to indigenous people
forest canopy protects soil

32
Q

characteristics of rainforest

A

no canopy in dry season
trees have deep roots
lack of vegetation
falling leaves make deep litter layer

33
Q

What happens as conditions of TRF get warmer and drier

A

plant species which are suited to these conditions would out compete TRF species

34
Q

Why does deforestation occur in TRF

A

to sell timber, for mining and to make space for farms

35
Q

what is the second main cause of deforestation

A

commercial logging

36
Q

why are there strict controls on logging

A

high demand of rosewood, people are very poor and logging pays well and corruption

37
Q

Key characteristics of deciduous woodlands

A

deciduous trees
young trees grow where there are canopy gaps
deeproot systems to access groundwater and nutrient
soil with well developed hummus layer at top

38
Q

adaptations of oak trees

A

large trees
spread their branches to get most sunlight
enormous root systems

39
Q

what are the 3 adaptations of animals

A

migration-birds move mouth for warmer winter conditions
Hibernation - so animals only need little energy to live
Food storage

40
Q

threats to deciduous woodlands

A

milder winters
increased risk of drought
increases risk of fire

41
Q

how milder winters are a threat to deciduous woodlands

A

processes triggered by cold temp are disconnected and some species are not adapted

42
Q

how increases risk of drought is a threat to deciduous woodlands

A

trees are not adapted to more frequent droughts every year

43
Q

how increased risk of fire is a threat to deciduous woodlands

A

deciduous woodlands are not adapted

44
Q

affects of climate change on biodiversity

A

species have to migrate

Some species might go extinct, reducing biodiversity

45
Q

economic causes of deforestation

A

timber extraction
agricultural change
farming

46
Q

social causes of deforestation

A

population increase
make new houses and buildings
number of vehicles increased

47
Q

who are rainforests in Madagascar owned by

A

mostly by the Government

48
Q

what is ecotourism

A

a group of local wildlife guides, employed to take tourists round to the Analamozoatra reserve ,planned a community based nature tourism association

49
Q

how much money does ecotourism bring

A

1/3 of the associations income

50
Q

how has ecotourism protected the rainforests in Madagascar

A

members patrol 10,000 hectares of their reserve area to look out for illegal logging and snares for animals

geography (12 decks)

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