Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

geography > Coastal Landscapes and Processes > Flashcards

Coastal Landscapes and Processes Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of rocks

A

sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

examples of igneous rocks

A

granite, basalt

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

characteristics of igneous rocks

A

course, fine, glassy, hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how are igneous rocks made

A

volcanic activity, when magma or lava cools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

where are igneous rocks found

A

upland areas in Scotland
Lake District
North wales and Ireland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

uses of igneous rocks

A

expensive kitchen worktops, gravestones, front of buildings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

examples of metamorphic rocks

A

schist, slate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

where are metamorphic rocks found

A

mountain ranges
Alps
Himalayas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

characteristics of metamorphic rocks

A

rarely any fossils
may react with acid
can be light or dark
rarely has any openings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

uses of metamorphic rocks

A

statues
decorative items such as vases
building material
artwork
plastics and paper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

examples of sedimentary rocks

A

sandstone, chalk, limestone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

where are sedimentary rocks found

A

cliffs on Yorkshire coast
South West Wales
Hills in NW highlands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

characteristics of sedimentary rocks

A

bedding
fossils
ripple marks
layered structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

uses of sedimentary rocks

A

building and construction
cement and concrete production
tunelling
pavement and road construction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

human activities that create distinctive landscapes

A

agriculture
forestry
settlement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

agriculture

A

practice of farming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

forestry

A

practice of planting, managing and carrying woodland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

settlement

A

a place, typically one which has previously been uninhabited, where people establish a community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

backwash

A

water that goes back into the sea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

swash

A

water rushing up to the beach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

fetch

A

how far a wave has travelled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

destructive waves

A

weak swash, strong backwash and steep and close together waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

constructive waves

A

strong swash , weak backwash and low and further apart waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

weathering

A

breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
mass movement
downhill movement of sediment that moves because of gravity.
26
5 different types of mass movement
rockfall, mudflow, landslide, rotational slump, creep
27
mechanical weathering
caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks of rocks and causes rocks to break
28
chemical weathering
acid rains on rock and wears it away
29
biological weathering
roots enter rock. As root grows crack gets bigger and then the rock breaks away
30
erosion
earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind and water
31
hydraulic action
sheer force of water crashing against the coastline causing material to be dislodged and carried away by the sea.
32
attrition
rocks carried in sea hit each other
33
solution
when sea water dissolves certain rocks
34
abrasion
pebbles grind along a rock platform, over time rock become smooth
35
types of transportation
solution , traction, saltation, suspension
36
traction
where pebbles and larger material are rolled along sea bed
37
saltation
where small pieces of single or large sand grains are bounced along sea bed
38
suspension
small particles such as silts are suspended in the flow of water.
39
deposition
when sea loses it energy and it drops material it was carrying
40
what is the size and energy of waves dependant on
strength of wind, time wind has been blowing and distance
41
concordant coastline
occurs where beds or layers of different rock types run parallel to the coast. The outer hard rock provides a protective barrier for erosion of the softer rocks further inland.
42
discordant coastline
occurs where bands of different rock type run perpendicular to the coast. The differing resistance to erosion leads to formation of headlands and bays.
43
soft engineering
sustainable approach to managing the coast through the use of ecological principles rather than artificial structures
44
hard engineering
building artificial structures to protect the coastline through the controlled disruption of natural processes
45
types of soft engineering coastal defences
beach nourishment and dune regeneration
46
what are groynes
strong wooden structures sticking out into the sea.
47
disadvantages of groynes
unattractive, cause erosion further along coastline and need regular maintenance
48
what is beach nourishment
practice of adding large quantities of sand or sediment to beaches to combat erosion
49
advantages of beach nourishment
maintains natural coastal environment and is relatively cheap
50
disadvantages of beach nourishment
look ugly, disrupt marine life and movement of beach material
51
managed retreat
where areas of the coast are allowed to erode and flood naturally. Usually this will be in areas considered to be low in value
52
what is rip rap
large boulders piled up on beach at foot of the cliff or sea wall absorb energy of waves
53
what is a sea wall
large concrete structure which is used to reflect wave energy back out to sea and reduce erosion
54
challenges Somerset coastline is facing
coastal flooding
55
coastline management at Somerset
hold the line approach, preventing erosion and retreat of the coastline
56
how is sediment transported along the coast
the swash carries the sand and pebbles up the beach at the same angle as the wave. The backwash then draws the sediment back down the beach at right angles to the coastline, as this is the steepest gradient This process is repeated resulting in a zigzag movement of sediment and the direction is controlled by the direction of the prevailing wind
57
what is coastal erosion
removal of material from the coast by wave action, causing the coastline to retreat inland
58
why is rates of erosion and recession going to increase
because of rising sea levels and increasing storms caused by climate change
59
what is sand dune regeneration
grasses, bushes and trees are planted to stabilise dunes
60
advantages of sand dune regenration
helps the dunes to develop and maintains a natural coastal environment and it is relatively cheap
61
disadvantages of sand dune regeneration
areas of the beach have to be fenced off, prohibiting access it takes time for the dune vegetation to become established
62
what are the advantages of sea walls
they are effective at stopping the sea the often include a walkway
63
what are the disadvantages of sea walls
they can be obtrusive, look unnatural, restrict access to the beach, expensive to build and maintain, increase erosion of the beach
64
what are the advantages of groynes
they are quick to construct, they trap sediment and broaden the beach, a bigger beach attracts more tourists
65
what are the advantages of rip rap
the boulders force waves to break which dissipates the energy, can be quickly put in place, cheap to maintain
66
what are the disadvantages of rip rap
do not fit in with local geology, high transport costs to get boulders, impede access to the beach
67
how are sedimentary rocks formed
they are formed of small particles that have been eroded, transported and deposited in layers
68
how are igneous rocks formed
created by volcanic activity when magma or lava cools, forming rocks made of hard crystals
69
how are metamorphic rocks formed
from other rocks changed by extreme pressure or heat

geography (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions