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geography > Coastal Landscapes and Processes > Flashcards

Coastal Landscapes and Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

3 types of rocks

A

sedimentary
igneous
metamorphic

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2
Q

examples of igneous rocks

A

granite, basalt

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3
Q

characteristics of igneous rocks

A

course, fine, glassy, hard

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4
Q

how are igneous rocks made

A

volcanic activity, when magma or lava cools

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5
Q

where are igneous rocks found

A

upland areas in Scotland
Lake District
North wales and Ireland

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6
Q

uses of igneous rocks

A

expensive kitchen worktops, gravestones, front of buildings

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7
Q

examples of metamorphic rocks

A

schist, slate

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8
Q

where are metamorphic rocks found

A

mountain ranges
Alps
Himalayas

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9
Q

characteristics of metamorphic rocks

A

rarely any fossils
may react with acid
can be light or dark
rarely has any openings

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10
Q

uses of metamorphic rocks

A

statues
decorative items such as vases
building material
artwork
plastics and paper

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11
Q

examples of sedimentary rocks

A

sandstone, chalk, limestone

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12
Q

where are sedimentary rocks found

A

cliffs on Yorkshire coast
South West Wales
Hills in NW highlands

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13
Q

characteristics of sedimentary rocks

A

bedding
fossils
ripple marks
layered structure

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14
Q

uses of sedimentary rocks

A

building and construction
cement and concrete production
tunelling
pavement and road construction

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15
Q

human activities that create distinctive landscapes

A

agriculture
forestry
settlement

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16
Q

agriculture

A

practice of farming

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17
Q

forestry

A

practice of planting, managing and carrying woodland

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18
Q

settlement

A

a place, typically one which has previously been uninhabited, where people establish a community

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19
Q

backwash

A

water that goes back into the sea

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20
Q

swash

A

water rushing up to the beach

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21
Q

fetch

A

how far a wave has travelled

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22
Q

destructive waves

A

weak swash, strong backwash and steep and close together waves

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23
Q

constructive waves

A

strong swash , weak backwash and low and further apart waves

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24
Q

weathering

A

breaking down or dissolving of rocks and minerals on site

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25
Q

mass movement

A

downhill movement of sediment that moves because of gravity.

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26
Q

5 different types of mass movement

A

rockfall, mudflow, landslide, rotational slump, creep

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27
Q

mechanical weathering

A

caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water in cracks of rocks and causes rocks to break

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28
Q

chemical weathering

A

acid rains on rock and wears it away

29
Q

biological weathering

A

roots enter rock. As root grows crack gets bigger and then the rock breaks away

30
Q

erosion

A

earthen materials are worn away and transported by natural forces such as wind and water

31
Q

hydraulic action

A

sheer force of water crashing against the coastline causing material to be dislodged and carried away by the sea.

32
Q

attrition

A

rocks carried in sea hit each other

33
Q

solution

A

when sea water dissolves certain rocks

34
Q

abrasion

A

pebbles grind along a rock platform, over time rock become smooth

35
Q

types of transportation

A

solution , traction, saltation, suspension

36
Q

traction

A

where pebbles and larger material are rolled along sea bed

37
Q

saltation

A

where small pieces of single or large sand grains are bounced along sea bed

38
Q

suspension

A

small particles such as silts are suspended in the flow of water.

39
Q

deposition

A

when sea loses it energy and it drops material it was carrying

40
Q

what is the size and energy of waves dependant on

A

strength of wind, time wind has been blowing and distance

41
Q

concordant coastline

A

occurs where beds or layers of different rock types run parallel to the coast. The outer hard rock provides a protective barrier for erosion of the softer rocks further inland.

42
Q

discordant coastline

A

occurs where bands of different rock type run perpendicular to the coast. The differing resistance to erosion leads to formation of headlands and bays.

43
Q

soft engineering

A

sustainable approach to managing the coast through the use of ecological principles rather than artificial structures

44
Q

hard engineering

A

building artificial structures to protect the coastline through the controlled disruption of natural processes

45
Q

types of soft engineering coastal defences

A

beach nourishment and dune regeneration

46
Q

what are groynes

A

strong wooden structures sticking out into the sea.

47
Q

disadvantages of groynes

A

unattractive, cause erosion further along coastline and need regular maintenance

48
Q

what is beach nourishment

A

practice of adding large quantities of sand or sediment to beaches to combat erosion

49
Q

advantages of beach nourishment

A

maintains natural coastal environment and is relatively cheap

50
Q

disadvantages of beach nourishment

A

look ugly, disrupt marine life and movement of beach material

51
Q

managed retreat

A

where areas of the coast are allowed to erode and flood naturally. Usually this will be in areas considered to be low in value

52
Q

what is rip rap

A

large boulders piled up on beach at foot of the cliff or sea wall absorb energy of waves

53
Q

what is a sea wall

A

large concrete structure which is used to reflect wave energy back out to sea and reduce erosion

54
Q

challenges Somerset coastline is facing

A

coastal flooding

55
Q

coastline management at Somerset

A

hold the line approach, preventing erosion and retreat of the coastline

56
Q

how is sediment transported along the coast

A

the swash carries the sand and pebbles up the beach at the same angle as the wave.

The backwash then draws the sediment back down the beach at right angles to the coastline, as this is the steepest gradient

This process is repeated resulting in a zigzag movement of sediment and the direction is controlled by the direction of the prevailing wind

57
Q

what is coastal erosion

A

removal of material from the coast by wave action, causing the coastline to retreat inland

58
Q

why is rates of erosion and recession going to increase

A

because of rising sea levels and increasing storms caused by climate change

59
Q

what is sand dune regeneration

A

grasses, bushes and trees are planted to stabilise dunes

60
Q

advantages of sand dune regenration

A

helps the dunes to develop and maintains a natural coastal environment and it is relatively cheap

61
Q

disadvantages of sand dune regeneration

A

areas of the beach have to be fenced off, prohibiting access

it takes time for the dune vegetation to become established

62
Q

what are the advantages of sea walls

A

they are effective at stopping the sea

the often include a walkway

63
Q

what are the disadvantages of sea walls

A

they can be obtrusive, look unnatural, restrict access to the beach, expensive to build and maintain, increase erosion of the beach

64
Q

what are the advantages of groynes

A

they are quick to construct, they trap sediment and broaden the beach, a bigger beach attracts more tourists

65
Q

what are the advantages of rip rap

A

the boulders force waves to break which dissipates the energy, can be quickly put in place, cheap to maintain

66
Q

what are the disadvantages of rip rap

A

do not fit in with local geology, high transport costs to get boulders, impede access to the beach

67
Q

how are sedimentary rocks formed

A

they are formed of small particles that have been eroded, transported and deposited in layers

68
Q

how are igneous rocks formed

A

created by volcanic activity when magma or lava cools, forming rocks made of hard crystals

69
Q

how are metamorphic rocks formed

A

from other rocks changed by extreme pressure or heat

geography (12 decks)

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