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Ophthalmology > Glaucoma > Flashcards

Glaucoma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 things that characterize glaucoma?

A
  1. Increased IOP

2. Progressive degeneration of the optic nerve and retina

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2
Q

What structure produces aqueous humor?

A

Ciliary body epithelium

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3
Q

Glaucoma is always due to what?

A

Impaired outflow

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4
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with glaucoma?

A
  1. Pain, migraine
  2. Vision loss
  3. Corneal edema
  4. Mydriasis (pupil dilation)
  5. Optic nerve cupping
  6. Retinal degeneration
  7. Episcleral vessel congestion
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5
Q

What are the 3 signs of chronicity with glaucoma?

A
  1. Buphthalmos
  2. Lens luxation
  3. Haab’s striae
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6
Q

Which requires topical anesthesia, TonoVet or TonoPen?

A

TonoPen

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7
Q

Which is based on rebound tonometry, TonoVet or TonoPen?

A

TonoVet

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8
Q

Which is based on applanation tonometry, TonoVet or TonoPen?

A

TonoPen

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9
Q

What is normal IOP in dogs and cats?

A

10 - 20 mmHg

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10
Q

What is normal IOP in a horse?

A

15 - 25 mmHg

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11
Q

In health, there should be less than a ____% different in IOP between the right and left eye.

A

20 - 30%

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12
Q

True or False: High IOP is enough to base your diagnosis of glaucoma off of.

A

FALSE: Glaucoma can only be diagnosed if high IOP is consistent with clinical signs.

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13
Q

Which is associated with intraocular disease, primary or secondary glaucoma?

A

Secondary glaucoma

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14
Q

Which conditions might glaucoma develop secondary to?

A
  1. Uveitis
  2. Neoplasia
  3. Lens luxation
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15
Q

Which has a better prognosis, primary or secondary glaucoma?

A

Secondary

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16
Q

Which is typically unilateral first, primary or secondary glaucoma?

A

Primary (secondary will be either unilateral or bilateral)

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17
Q

Is primary or secondary glaucoma more common in dogs?

A

Primary

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18
Q

In which species is secondary glaucoma more common?

A
  1. Cats

2. Horses

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19
Q

What causes primary glaucoma?

A

Goniodysgenesis: a malformation in the iridocorneal angle

20
Q

Which is more at risk of developing primary glaucoma, female dogs or male dogs?

A

Female dogs

21
Q

What is the average age of developing primary glaucoma?

A

6-8 years

22
Q

What are the breeds predisposed to primary glaucoma?

A
  1. Bassett hound
  2. Siberian husky
  3. Samoyed
  4. Cocker spaniel
  5. Shar pei
  6. Chow chow
  7. Shiba inu
  8. Boston terrier
23
Q

What is the purpose of gonioscopy?

A

Examine the irido-corneal angle

24
Q

In which species is the irido-croneal angle directly visible?

A
  1. Cat

2. Horse

25
Q

In which species is a goniolens required to view the irido-corneal angle?

A

Dog

26
Q

With primary glaucoma, you’ll want to treat the affected eye and prophylactically treat the opposite eye. What are the 2 medications that are preferenced for this?

A
  1. Demecarium bromide

2. Prednisolone acetate

27
Q

Which has the highest time to medical failure, Demecarium bromide or Prednisolone acetate?

A

Demecarium bromide

28
Q

Which drugs should NEVER be used with glaucoma?

A

Dilating agents (Atropine, tropicamide)

29
Q

When should Timolol not be used or be used cautiously?

A

Use with care in small patients and those with cardiac disease

30
Q

Which drugs should not be utilized to treat glaucoma if an anterior lens luxation is present?

A

Constricting agents (Latanoprost, Demecarium bromide, Pilocarpine)

31
Q

Which drugs should be avoided in treating glaucoma if uveitis is also present?

A

Latanoprost (due to its pro-inflammatory properties)

32
Q

Which two surgical corrections for glaucoma involve decreasing production of aqueous humor?

A
  1. Trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation

2. Endolaser cyclophotocoagulation

33
Q

Which surgical correction for glaucoma involves increasing outflow of aqueous humor?

A

Gonio-implant

34
Q

Chemical ablation of the ciliary body is a salvage procedure to “treat” glaucoma in non-visual eyes. It involves an intravitreal injection of an agent toxic to the ciliary body. What are 2 agents that can be used?

A
  1. Gentamicin

2. Cidofovir

35
Q

In which species will Latanoprost not work for treatment of glaucoma?

A
  1. Cat

2. Horse

36
Q

True or False: Atropine may be beneficial in treatment of glaucoma in the horse.

A

TRUE

37
Q

What type of drug is Demecarium bromide?

A

Parasympathomimetic

38
Q

What is the MOA of Demecarium bromide?

A

Increase conventional outflow

39
Q

What does Demecarium bromide cause in the eye that leads to some contraindications? What are those contraindications?

A

Causes miosis, so contraindicated in pupillary block and may exacerbate uveitis

40
Q

What type of drug is Latanoprost?

A

Prostaglandin analogue

41
Q

What is the MOA of Latanoprost?

A

Increases uveoscleral outflow

42
Q

What does Latanoprost cause in the eye that leads to some contraindications? What are those contraindications?

A

Causes miosis, so contraindicated in pupillary block and may exacerbate uveitis

43
Q

What type of drug is Timolo?

A

Beta block

44
Q

What is the MOA of timolol?

A

Decreases aqueous humor production

45
Q

What type of drug is Dorzolamide?

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

46
Q

What is the MOA of Dorzolamide?

A

Decreases aqueous humor production

Ophthalmology (8 decks)

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