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Ophthalmology > Diseases of the Retina and Optic Nerve > Flashcards

Diseases of the Retina and Optic Nerve Flashcards

1
Q

What is a “fundus”?

A

The portion of an organ opposite from its opening

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2
Q

What 2 structures make up the fundus of the eye?

A
  1. Retina

2. Optic disc

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3
Q

Which of the photoreceptors is responsible for day vision?

A

Cones

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4
Q

Which of the photoreceptors is responsible for night blindness?

A

Cones

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5
Q

Which of the photoreceptors is responsible for night vision?

A

Rods

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6
Q

What are 4 methods of examining the fundus?

A
  1. Behavioral/functional tests (e.g. maze test)
  2. Ophthalmoscopy
  3. Ultrasonography
  4. Electroretinography
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7
Q

Which form of ophthalmoscopy is inverted and revered?

A

Indirect ophthalmoscope

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8
Q

Which form of ophthalmoscopy allows for the largest magnification of the retina?

A

Direct ophthalmoscope

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9
Q

Which animals are atapetal?

A
  1. Pigs
  2. Primates
  3. Squirrels
  4. Birds
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10
Q

The animals that are atapetal are usually (1) diurnal or (2) nocturnal?

A

Diurnal

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11
Q

What color is an atapetal retina? Why?

A

Red to orange due to the reflection of the choroidal vasculature

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12
Q

In tapetal animals, where does the tapetum lie?

A

Behind the retinal pigment epithelium

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13
Q

Which species have holangiotic retinas?

A
  1. Cat
  2. Dog
  3. Cow
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14
Q

Which species have a paurangiotic retina?

A
  1. Horse
  2. Elephant
  3. Rhinoceros
  4. Marsupials
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15
Q

What does paurangiotic mean?

A

Blood vessels within the retina only occur near the optic disc

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16
Q

What type of retina do rabbits have?

A

Merangiotic

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17
Q

Describe a merangiotic retina.

A

Blood vessels and myelinated nerve fibers transverse the retina in a horizontal plain

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18
Q

Which species have an anangiotic retina?

A
  1. Birds
  2. Reptiles
  3. Bats
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19
Q

Describe an anangiotic retina.

A

Absence of any vasculature within the retina

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20
Q

There are many variations to the fundus in the dog. These changes are dependent on what 3 factors?

A
  1. Age
  2. Breed
  3. Coat color
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21
Q

A dog’s fundus will appear blue up until what age?

A

6 - 10 weeks of age

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22
Q

Which structure is always seen on the lateral side during a fundic exam in a dog?

A

Area centralis

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23
Q

Progressive retinal atrophy in the dog is developmental, inherited, or acquired?

A

Inherited

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24
Q

Progressive retinal atrophy in the dog is progressive loss of what type of vision FIRST?

A

Night vision (followed by day vision)

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25
Q

Progressive retinal atrophy affects which first, cones or rods?

A

Rods

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26
Q

Which 2 dog breeds are most affected by progressive retinal atrophy?

A
  1. Poodles

2. Cocker spaniel

27
Q

Describe progressive retinal atrophy in the dog clinically.

A
  1. Night blindness
  2. Absent PLR
  3. Tapetal hyper-reflectivity
  4. Optic nerve atrophy
  5. +/- cataracts
28
Q

True or False: You can use blood to check for the genetic mutation associated with PRA in the dog.

A

TRUE

29
Q

What is the treatment for PRA in the dog?

A

There is no treatment at present

30
Q

How would you prevent PRA in the dog?

A

Screen blood and do NOT breed

31
Q

True or False: Progressive retinal atrophy is not a condition recognized in cats/

A

FALSE: But PRA is RARE in cats.

32
Q

What are the 2 forms of PRA recognized in cats?

A
  1. Rod/cone dysplasia (in kittens)

2. Rod/cone degeneration (older cats)

33
Q

Is optic neuritis generally unilateral or bilateral?

A

Bilateral

34
Q

Describe the optic nerve head in optic neuritis.

A

Hyperemic

35
Q

Which of the following is false: (a) Optic neuritis is associated with cataracts, (b) optic neuritis is associated with dilated pupils, (3) optic neuritis is associated with blindness and a fixed stare.

A

(1) Optic neuritis is NOT associated with catarcts

36
Q

What are 5 causes of optic neuritis?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Infectious disease
  3. Neoplasia
  4. Trauma
  5. Idiopathic (~50%)
37
Q

How might you diagnose optic neuritis?

A
  1. Clinical signs
  2. MRI
  3. ERG
38
Q

What is the prognosis for optic neuritis?

A

Guarded to poor

39
Q

Optic nerve atrophy is often secondary to what conditions?

A
  1. Glaucoma
  2. PRA
  3. Other orbital diseases: GME, optic neuritis
40
Q

What does SARDS stand for?

A

Sudden acquired retinal degeneration syndrome

41
Q

Describe SARDS clinically.

A
  1. Sudden loss of vision (vision may come and go)
  2. Variable degree of PLR
  3. Lack of lesions initially
42
Q

Which dogs are more predisposed to SARDS (signalment)?

A
  1. Females
  2. Middle-aged
  3. Mildly obese
43
Q

Which breeds of dogs are more predisposed to SARDS?

A
  1. Miniature schnauzers
  2. Dachshunds
  3. Poodles
  4. Mixed breeds
44
Q

SARDS has an unknown etiology. Currently it is suspected to be what?

A

Immune-mediated

45
Q

Which conditions is chorioretinitis associated with in the dog?

A
  1. Distemper
  2. Fungi
  3. Autoimmune
46
Q

Which conditions is chorioretinitis associated with in the cat?

A
  1. FIP
  2. FeLV
  3. Toxoplasma
  4. Fungi
47
Q

What conditions is chorioretinitis associated with in the horse?

A

Uveitis

48
Q

Describe active chorioretinitis.

A

Out of focus borders

49
Q

Describe inactive chorioretinitis.

A

Sharp borders

50
Q

What are 3 causes of retinal detachment?

A
  1. Traumatic
  2. Inflammation
  3. Neoplasia
51
Q

What are the 2 types of retinal detatchment and how do they differ?

A
  1. Non-rhegmatogenous: no retinal tear

2. Rhegmatogenous: retinal tear/hole

52
Q

What can cause HEMORRHAGIC retinopathy?

A
  1. Coagulopathy
  2. Systemic infection
  3. Systemic hypertension
53
Q

HYPERTENSIVE retinopathy can develop secondary to what conditions/diseases?

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Renal failure
  3. High-salt diet
  4. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  5. Arthrosclerosis
54
Q

What are the clinical effects of hypertensive retinopathy?

A
  1. Acute blindness
  2. Dilated pupils
  3. Retinal detachment
55
Q

Is hypertensive retinopathy seen more in cats or dogs?

A

Cats

56
Q

What is the treatment for hypertensive retinopathy?

A
  1. Calcium channel blockers (amlodipine)

2. Systemic and topical steroids

57
Q

As enrofloxacin toxicity is of concern in cats, what dose should not be exceed per day?

A

5 mg/kg

58
Q

What is enrofloxacin toxicity associated with in cats?

A

Retinal degeneration

59
Q

What drug can be used in place of enrofloxacin in the cat?

A

Pradofloxacin

60
Q

What type of drug is pradogloxacin?

A

3rd generation FQ

61
Q

Pradofloxacin has no adverse retinal effects in the cat up to _____ times the labeled dose for 23 days.

A

6.7

62
Q

A maximally opened mouth, as with the use of a mouth-gag, may lead to retinal ischemia in cats due to impairment of blood flow through which artery?

A

Maxillary artery

63
Q

Chronic taurine deficiency in the cat can lead to severe ____ and ____.

A
  1. Retinal degeneration

2. Irreversible blindness

Ophthalmology (8 decks)

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