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Ophthalmology > Equine Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Equine Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Due to lateral placement of the eyes, horses have a total horizontal visual field of ____ degrees.

A

350 degrees

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2
Q

Horses have a binocular visual field of ____ degrees.

A

60 degrees

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3
Q

What type of retina does the horse have?

A

Paurangiotic

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4
Q

What is unique about the euqine pupil?

A

Corpora nigra

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5
Q

True or False: Fluorescein staining should be performed for every horse eye exam.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

Describe a positive Jones test.

A

Fluorescent stain at the nares

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7
Q

What is the normal IOP in a horse?

A

15 - 30 mmHg

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8
Q

In the horse, a high IOP is suggestive of what?

A

Glaucoma

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9
Q

In the horse, a low IOP is suggestive of what?

A

Uveitis

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10
Q

Tonometry (checking IOP) should be checked at or above the level of what?

A

Heart

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11
Q

Which of the following periocular nerves are sensory: auriculopalpebral, frontal/supraorbital, infratrochlear, lacrimal, zygomatic.

A
  1. Frontal/supraorbital
  2. Infratrochlear
  3. Lacrimal
  4. Zygomatic
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12
Q

Which of the following periocular nerves are motor: auriculopalpebral, frontal/supraorbital, infratrochlear, lacrimal, zygomatic.

A
  1. Auriculopalpebral

2. Frontal/supraorbital

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13
Q

What is the most common equine eye/adnexal tumor?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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14
Q

What are the 4 locations of SCC in the horse eye?

A
  1. Eyelids
  2. Conjunctiva
  3. 3rd eyelid
  4. Cornea
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15
Q

What are 2 predisposing factors for SCC in the horse?

A
  1. Lack of periocular pigment

2. Ultraviolet radiation

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16
Q

How would SCC present?

A
  1. Initially hyperemia
  2. Progresses to ulceration
  3. Then to papillomatous and fleshy masses
17
Q

How might you treat SCC in the horse?

A

Surgical excision: Cryotherapy, CO2 laser, radiofrequency hyperthermia, brachytherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy

18
Q

Which types of SCC tumors are most associated with recurrence?

A
  1. Eyelid

2. Third eyelid

19
Q

Describe the therapeutic options for a simple corneal ulcer in a horse.

A
  1. Topical broad spectrum antibiotics (TID - BID)
  2. Atropine (SID - BID)
  3. Systemic anti-inflammatories (Flunixin meglumine, phenylbutazone)
20
Q

After starting therapy for a simple corneal ulcer, when should you recheck that eye?

A

Within 3 - 5 days

21
Q

Describe the therapeutic options for a complicated corneal ulcer in a horse.

A
  1. Topical antibiotics (every 1-2 hours)
  2. Oral NSAIDs (BID): Flunixin meglumine, Phenylbutazone
  3. Atropine (BID)
22
Q

How often would you need to administer antifungal medications for a complicated mycotic-infected corneal ulcer?

A

Every 2 - 6 hours

23
Q

What are your antiproteinase/anticollagenase options for treating a complicated corneal ulcer in a horse?

A
  1. Serum / plasma
  2. EDTA
  3. Galardin
  4. N-acetylcysteine
24
Q

How often would you need to administer an anti-proteinase for a complicated ulcer?

A

Every 1 - 2 hours

25
Q

For a complicated ulcer, when would your recheck need to be?

A

Within 48 hours (weekly thereafter if improving)

26
Q

What is a corneal stromal abscess?

A

Where an infected ulcer has epithelialized and infectious agents are trapped within the cornea

27
Q

What is the clinical appearance of a corneal stromal abscess?

A
  1. Painfull
  2. Corneal vascularization
  3. Corneal edema
  4. Fluorescein negative
28
Q

True or False: It is acceptable to use steroids with a corneal stromal abscess.

A

FALSE

29
Q

How would you medical manage/treat a corneal stromal abscess?

A
  1. Antimicrobials (ofloxacin, voriconazole every 3 - 6 hours; fluconazole systemically if vascularized)

Reflex uveitis treatment:

  1. Atropine (BID - QID)
  2. Banamine (BID) +/- prophylactic doses of omeprazole
  3. Surgery (conjunctival graft, corneoconjunctival transposition, corneal transplant, keratoplasty)
30
Q

What is the most common cause of equine blindness?

A

Uveitis

31
Q

What are the clinical signs of uveitis in the horse?

A
  1. Pain (blepharospasm, epiphora, photophobia)
  2. Conjunctival hyperemia
  3. Corneal changes (edema)
  4. Aqueous flare, hypopyon, hyphema, fibrin
  5. Miosis
  6. Low IOP
32
Q

What infectious agent is uveitis most commonly associated with in the horse?

A

Leptospira interrogans

33
Q

Which horse breeds are predisposed to equine recurrent uveitis?

A
  1. Appaloosa

2. Draft breeds

34
Q

Is equine recurrent uveitis a unilateral or bilateral condition?

A

Unilateral OR bilateral

35
Q

What are the 5 complications associated with ERU?

A
  1. Calcified band keratopathy
  2. Blinding cataracts
  3. Retinal detachment
  4. Secondary glaucoma
  5. Vitreal floaters
36
Q

What are your treatment options for ERU?

A
  1. Topical anti-inflammatories
  2. Atropine
  3. Systemic antibiotics

4 Surgery (vitrectomy, suprachoroidal cyclosporine implant)

37
Q

Describe the prognosis associated with ERU.

A

Poor long-term

Ophthalmology (8 decks)

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