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PHYSIOLOGY > GIT - Batch 2019 > Flashcards

GIT - Batch 2019 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The GI hormones involved in the regulation of GI function are secreted throughout the length of the GIT, EXCEPT:
    a. Esophagus
    b. Stomach
    c. Duodenum
    d. Ileum
A

A

2019 pg 1

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2
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT true of GI smooth muscles?
    a. There are no striations.
    b. It has poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum.
    c. Muscles are functionally connected by gap junctions.
    d. The actiny:myosin ratio is 2:1.
A

D

2019 pg 3

  • actin-myosin ratio is 15:1, not 2:1
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3
Q
  1. Which statement is TRUE of the excitation-contraction coupling smooth muscles of the GIT?
    a. `The smooth muscle membrane potential is stable at rest.
    b. Membrane potential depolarization occurs only on stimulation.
    c. There is muscle contraction when spike potentials occur on depolarization.
    d. The prevailing muscle tone is due to the resting membrane potential
A

C. =2019, pg.4

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4
Q
  1. Which of the following is true of the interstitial cells of Cajal?
    a. They are the “pacemaker” cells in the GIT.
    b. These initiate the depolarization in smooth muscles in the GIT.
    c. Their activity underlie the rhythmic contractions of peristalsis in the GIT.
    d. All these 3 statements are true.
A

D

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5
Q
  1. Which of the following neurotransmitters stimulate peristalsis in the GIT?
    a. Nitric oxide, NO
    b. Acetylcholine
    c. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP
    d. Norepinephrine
A

B

2016 trans, pg 2-3

  • acetylcholine = parasympathetic NS = contracts/excites
  • norepinephrine = sympathetic NS = inhibits GI motility
  • VIP & NO = parasympathetic = relaxes sphincter
  • VIP, NO, serotonin, somatostatin = enteric NS
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6
Q
  1. Which of the phases of swallowing is purely voluntary?
    a. Esophageal phase
    b. Oral phase
    c. Pharyngeal phase
    d. Oral and pharyngeal phase
    e. Pharyngeal and esophageal phase
A

B

2019, pg 5

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7
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT true of during the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
    a. The upper esophagheal sphincter is closed.
    b. The larynx elevates.
    c . The pharynx contracts. d. Respiration is interrupted.
A

A

2019, pg 5

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8
Q
  1. In the esophagus:
    a. Peristalsis occurs only after swallowing.
    b. Secondary peristalsis is initiated independent of swallowing.
    c. Liquids when swallowed do not initiate peristalsis
    d. All of the statements are correct.
A

B

2019, pg 5

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9
Q
  1. In the lower esophageal sphincter, the following are true, EXCEPT:
    a. It is contracted at rest.
    b. It opens transiently during swallowing.
    c. Is an anatomically distinct thickening in the distal esophagus.
    d. The inhibitory neurotransmitter is VIP
A

C

2019, pg 5

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10
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT true of receptive relaxation in the stomach?
    a. There is decreased pressure in the gastric compartment.
    b. It causes relaxation of the pyloric sphincter.
    c. It subserves the storage function of the stomach.
    d. It occurs following esophageal peristalsis.
A

B

2019, pg 6
2016, pg 5

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11
Q
  1. Which of the following motility in the stomach cause maceration of food particles in chyme?
    a. Peristalsis
    b. Receptive relaxatioN
    c. Antral retropulsion
    d. Gastric emptying
A

C

2019, pg 7

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12
Q
  1. The following are true of gastrin, EXCEPT:
    a. It is secreted by chief cells in the stomach and duodenum
    b. Its secretion is inhibited by decreased pH
    c. It stimulates gastric acid secretion
    d. Its secretion is stimulated by gastric distension, peptides and acetylcholine
A

A

2019, pg 1

Gastrin

  • secreted by G Cells in stomach and proximal segment of duodenum.
  • stimulated by gastric distension, peptides (protein) and acetylcholine.
  • inhibited by decreased pH
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13
Q
  1. True gastric peristalsis:
    a. The contraction increases in intensity from the gastric body to the pylorus.
    b. It is initiated by the interstitial cells of Cajal
    c. The frequency of the gastric basic electrical rhythm is 3 per minute.
    d. All of the statements are true.
A

D

2019, pg 7
2016, pg 5

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14
Q
  1. The following are true during gastric emptying, EXCEPT:
    a. Gastric peristalsis increases in intensity and velocity at the antrum.
    b. It propels food particles of about 1 mm3 in size into the duodenum.
    c. The pyloric sphincter is relaxed.
    d. It is initiated by the gastric peristalsis beginning in the body of the stomach.
A

C

2016, pg 5

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15
Q
  1. Food particles remaining in the stomach following meals are emptied eventually by:
    a. Migrating myoelectric complexes
    b. Gastric peristalsis
    c. Receptive relaxation
    d. Antral retropulsion Incorrect
A

A

*migrating myoelectric complexes - occurs between meals. initiated by hormone motilin.

2016, pg 6

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16
Q
  1. Which of the following is true of the regulation of gastric emptying?
    a. It is increased when gastric volume is increased.
    b. It is increased by acidity of gastric contents.
    c. It is inhibited by factors in the duodenum
    d. All of the statements are true.
A

D

2016, pg 5

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17
Q
  1. The rate of gastric emptying is the LEAST for which of the following:
    a. Liquids
    b. Fatty food
    c. Proteins
    d. Carbohydrate
A

B fatty food - via CCK

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18
Q
  1. True of intestinal motility, EXCEPT:
    a. The gradient of motility is highest in the duodenum.
    b. Intestinal motility achieves mixing of chyme and propulsion of contents.
    c. Occurs independent of the autonomic nervous system.
    d. Controlled by interaction between the interstitial cells of Cajal and smooth
    muscles.
A

C

2019, pg 8

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19
Q
  1. Which of the following is true of migrating myoelectric complexes?
    a. It is gastric peristalsis propagated to the duodenum with gastric emptying.
    b. It occurs immediately following each meal.
    c. It prevents stagnation of contents in the GIT
    d. All of the statements are true.
A

C

2019, pg 8

*occurs in between meal/fasting

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20
Q
  1. Which GI hormone initiates the occurrence of migrating myoelectric complexes?
    a. Motilin
    b. Acetylcholine
    c. Vasoactive intestinal peptide, VIP
    d. Norepinephrine
A

A

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21
Q
  1. Which of the following does NOT occur in vomiting?
    a. The lower esophageal sphincter opens.
    b. The pyloric sphincter and stomach are relaxed.
    c. There is reverse peristalsis in the small intestine to the duodenum.
    d. There is reverse peristalsis in the esophagus.
A

D

2019, pg 9

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22
Q
  1. Which of the following is true of the ileocecal sphincter?
    a. It opens with distension of the cecum.
    b. It is normally closed to segregate the ileum from the cecum.
    c. It is contracted by the approach of intestinal peristalsis.
    d. All the statements are true
A

B

  • CONTRACTS with distension of cecum
  • RELAXES with intestinal peristalsis
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23
Q
  1. Which statement is correct on secretin
    a. It is secreted by S cells in the stomach and duodenum.
    b. It stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the exocrine pancreas.
    c. Its secretion is stimulated by alkali pH.
    d. Its secretion is inhibited by acid pH in the duodenum.
A

B

2019, pg 1
2016, pg 3

  • STIMULATED by Acid and Fat
  • secreted by S cells in the duodenum
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24
Q
  1. Which of the In the colon, which of the following is true of mass movement?
    a. It occurs 3x/day, approximately following meals.
    b. Contraction of colon segments longer than that of peristalsis.
    c. It delivers fecal material to the rectum.
    d. All the statements are true.
A

D

2019, pg 10

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25
Q
  1. In the rectosphincteric reflex, the following occur:
    a. The internal anal sphincter relax.
    b. Initiated by distension of the rectal wall with entry fecal material.
    c. The external anal sphincter contract
    d. All the statements are correct.
A

D

2019, pg 11

26
Q
  1. During defecation, which component of the rectospincteric reflex is voluntarily controlled?
    a. Contraction of the rectum.
    b. Contraction of the external anal sphincter.
    c. Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter.
A

B

2019, pg 10-11

27
Q
  1. Which of the following is true of cholecystokinin, CCK, except? BONUS
    a. It stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion.
    b. It stimulates enzyme secretion from the gallbladder.
    c. Its secretion is inhibited by acid pH in the duodenum.
    d. It is secreted by mucosal I cells throughout the small intestine
A

C

stimulated by protein, fat, acid

stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion

gallbladder contraction

inhibits gastric emptying

28
Q
  1. Which of the following GI hormones is involved in the stimulation of insulin secretion during oral glucose tolerance test?
    a. Cholecystokinin
    b. Secretin
    c. Gastrin
    d. Gastric inhibitory peptide, GIP
A

D

2019, pg 1

29
Q
  1. The gastrointestinal hormone involved in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is:
    a. Cholecystokinin
    b. Motilin
    c. Secretin
    d. Gastrin
A

D

2019, pg 2

30
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT included in the symptoms of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome
    a. Hypokalemia
    b. Peptic ulcer disease
    c. Constipation
    d. Steatorrhea
A

C

2019, pg 2

31
Q
  1. True of the intrinsic innervation of the GIT, EXCEPT:
    a. It allows for activity in the GIT independent of the central nervous system.
    b. It regulates the motility and secretion in the GIT.
    c. It is not subject to control of the autonomic nervous system.
    d. It is composed of the submucosal and myenteric plexuses of nerve in the GIT.
A

C

intrinsic innervation = submucosal + myenteric plexuses of the nerve in the GIT

it IS SUBJECT to the control of the ANS

2019, pg 2

32
Q
  1. The following statements are true of the extrinsic innervation to the GIT, EXCEPT:
    a. It relays afferents to the central nervous system in the vagus nerve.
    b. This modulates the regulation by the enteric nervous system.
    c. It is innervation from the autonomic nervous system.
    d. The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are both excitatory.
A

D

*sympathetic = inhibitory

2019, pg 2

33
Q
  1. The following are true of salivary secretion, EXCEPT:
    a. It maintains hygiene in the oral cavity
    b. It facilitates speech
    c. It lubricates the oral mucosa
    d. It initiates protein digestion.
A

D

*saliva contains amylase which initiates digestion of STARCH, not protein.

34
Q
  1. For pepsin:
    a. It initiates protein digestion in the GIT.
    b. It is inactivated by acid in the stomach.
    c. It continues protein digestion in the duodenum.
    d. It is secreted by parietal cells in the stomach.
A

A. PEPSIN initiates PROTEIN digestion

2019, pg 5

  • B - inactivated not by acid, but by pH>5
  • C - protein digestion is in stomach
  • D - Pepsin is secreted by CHIEF CELLS.
35
Q
  1. True of the gastric mucosal barrier, EXCEPT:
    a. It protects the gastric mucosa from lysis by pepsin.
    b. It prevents the back-diffusion of acid into mucosal cells
    c. It consists of alkaline mucus lining the gastric mucosa.
    d. It serves as a barrier to absorption of nutrients in the stomach
A

D

duh, haha
2019, pg 6

36
Q
  1. Factors that contribute to peptic ulcer diseases include:
    a. Mucosal irritation
    b. Poor secretion of mucus
    c. Increased acid and pepsin secretion.
    d. All factors are involved.
A

D

2019, pg 6

37
Q
  1. The organism that can cause peptic ulcer disease by infection:
    a. S. aureus
    b. E. coli
    c. H. pylori
    d. All can cause peptic ulcer.
A

C

2019, pg 6

38
Q
  1. Based on their site of action, the most potent inhibitor of acid secretion in the treatment of peptic ulcer are:
    a. Antacids
    b. Proton pump inhibitors, eg. Omeprazole
    c. H2-antagonists, eg. Cimetidine
    d. Anticholinergic drugs, eg. Atropine
A

B

2019, pg 7

39
Q
  1. Which phase of pancreatic secretion is regulated mainly by GI hormones?
    a. Gastric phase
    b. Cephalic phase
    c. Intestinal phase
    d. All 3 phases of pancreatic secretion
A

C

2019, pg 8

*by secretin

40
Q
  1. In pancreatic secretion:
    a. The bicarbonate is secreted by the ductal cells.
    b. The enzymes are synthesized in the acinar cells.
    c. Na+ and K+ levels remain the same as with plasma.
    d. All statements are true.
A

D

2019, pg 7

41
Q
  1. The pancreatic acinar cells are stimulated by the following, EXCEPT:
    a. Secretin
    b. Cholecystokinin
    c. Acetylcholine
    d. Gastrin releasing peptide, GRP
A

A

2019, pg 8

*secretin stimulates ductal cell secretion/bicarbonate

42
Q
  1. During which phase of pancreatic secretion is the largest volume in response to a meal?
    a. Oral phase
    b. Intestinal phase
    c. Gastric phase
    d. Volume is similar in all 3 phases
A

B

2019, pg 8

43
Q
  1. Which of the following protects the pancreas from autodigestion by digestive enzymes?
    a. Acinar cells secret a trypsin inhibitor.
    b. Trypsin in acinar cells undergo autodigestion.
    c. Enzymes are secreted in zymogen granules.
    d. All these 3 conditions are involved.
A

D

2019, pg 8

44
Q
  1. Which of the following is true in the regulation of salivary secretion?
    a. The sympathetic innervation is inhibitory
    b. Secretion is subject to influence of the GI hormones
    c. The parasympathetic innervation is excitatory
    d. All of the statements are true.
A

C

sympa and parasympa are both excitatory. both stimulate saliva secretion.

2019, pg 1

45
Q
  1. In pancreatitis, a mutation is likely to involve which of the following?
    a. Chymotrypsin
    b. Trypsin
    c. Enterokinase
    d. Trypsin inhibitor
A

B

2019, pg 9

46
Q
  1. The role of the liver in digestion includes the following, EXCEPT:
    a. It secretes enzymes for lipid digestion.
    b. It emulsifies fat in the diet.
    c. It facilitates the absorption of fat-soluble vitaminins.
    d. It neutralizes the acidic chyme.
A

A

2019, pg 9

47
Q
  1. The role of the gallbladder in digestion:
    a. It concentrates stored bile in-between meals.
    b. It secretes bicarbonate in chyme.
    c. It reabsorbs bile acids in enterohepatic circulation.
    d. It adds enzymes to secreted bile.
A

A -

  • B - pancreas ang nagsesecrete ng bicarbonate to neutralize acidic chyme
  • C - bile acids stimulate their own reuptake

2019, pg 10

48
Q
  1. Factors that contribute to formation of stones in the gall bladder include:
    a. Increased cholesterol in bile.
    b. Increased absorption of bile acids.
    c. Increased absorption of water from bile.
    d. All these 3 factors are involved.
A

D

2019, pg 10

49
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT true in the digestion and absorption of cobalamine (Vitamin B12)?
    a. It is absorbed in the ileum.
    b. It is released from dietary proteins by acid in the stomach.
    c. It is readily available in animal and plant proteins.
    d. It is bound to intrinsic factor in the duodenum.
A

C

2019, pg 13

50
Q
  1. Carbohydrate digestion occurs in which segments of the GIT?
    a. Esophagus
    b. Mouth
    c. Stomach
    d. It occurs in all these 3 sites
A

D.

2019, pg 11

51
Q
  1. In lipid digestion, which of the following is true?
    a. There is lipid digestion in the absence of bile.
    b. The absorbed chylomicron is transported through the lymphatics.
    c. Chylomicrons are absorbed in the form of micelles.
    d. It requires the enzymes found in bile.
A

B is true!

*A - lipid digestion is facilitated by bile salts

2019, pg 13

52
Q
  1. Enzymes involved in protein digestion are secreted in the following, EXCEPT:
    a. Esophagus
    b. Pancreas
    c. Stomach
    d. Intestinal brush borders
A

D

*di ba dapat except mouth and esophagus??

2019, pg 12

53
Q
  1. In the GIT, the largest volume of water is added to luminal contents in the:
    a. Esophagus
    b. Stomach
    c. Colon
    d. Small intestines
A

D. small intestine

  • S.I. -8.5L
  • colon - 400mL
  • excreted in feces: 100mL
54
Q
  1. The GI hormone that stimulates gastric secretion is:
    a. Somatostatin
    b. Secretin
    c. Gastrin
    d. Cholecystokinin
A

C

GASTRIN stimulates gastric secretion

SOMATOSTATIN INHIBITS gastric secretion

SECRETIN inhibits gatric secretion, but stimulates pancreatic secretion

CCK - stimulates hepatocyte secretion of bile

55
Q
  1. Which of the components of gastric secretion is indispensable for the individual?
    a. Pepsin
    b. HCl
    c. Intrinsic factor
    d. Gastrin
A

C intrinsic factor - vitB12 absorption

56
Q
  1. During which phase does gastric secretion despite absence of contents in the stomach?
    a. Gastric phase
    b. Cephalic phase
    c. Intestinal phase
    d. In all 3 phases of gastric secretion
A

B cephalic :)

cephalic stimulation of chemo/mechano receptors (tongue, buccal and nasal cavities) - smell, taste, chewing, swallowing, sight, thought

2019, pg 4

57
Q
  1. The following cause direct stimulation of the parietal cell, EXCEPT:
    a. Histamine
    b. Gastrin releasing peptide, GRP
    c. Acetylcholine
    d. Gastrin
A

B

why?

58
Q
  1. Gastric secretion is inhibited by:
    a. Secretin
    b. Somatostatin
    c. Gastric inhibitory peptide, GIP
    d. All these 3 inhibit gastric secretion
A

D

2019, pg 5

59
Q
  1. During the gastric phase of gastric secretion:
    a. It accounts for 50% of gastric secretion during meals.
    b. It is stimulated by initial products of protein digestion.
    c. It is initiated by distension of the gastric walls
    d. All statements are correct.
A

D

2019, pg 4

60
Q
  1. In gastric acid secretion, H+ secreted is exchanged with which ion?
    a. Na+
    b. K+
    c. Ca++
    d. Cl-
A

B

2019, pg 7

PHYSIOLOGY (21 decks)

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