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PHYSIOLOGY > 5th Evals 2018 - CVS I > Flashcards

5th Evals 2018 - CVS I Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The total resistance to fluid flow in a system of tubes arranged in parallel
    a. Is the sum of the individual resistances of the tubes in the system
    b. Is the product of the individual resistances of the tubes in the system
    c. Is greater than the resistance offered by any of the tubes in the system
    d. Is lower than the resistance offered by any of the tubes in the system
A

D

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2
Q
  1. Following Poiseuille’s law, flow through a tube would increase if there is an increase in the
    a. Length of the tube
    b. Radius of the tube
    c. Viscosity of the fluid
    d. All of the above
A

B

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3
Q 
3. Continuous blood flow to the periphery is ensured even during diastole because
of the so-called
a. Bernoulli effect Fahreus
b. Lindqvist effect 
c. Myogenic effect 
d. Reynold’s effect 
e. Windkessel effect
A

E

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4
Q
  1. Blood is considered a non-Newtonian fluid because
    a. The flow velocity affects its viscosity
    b. The hematocrit level affects its viscosity
    c. Both of the above are correct
    d. None of the above is correct
A

C

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5
Q
  1. The flow of blood through a blood vessel is most dramatically affected by which of the following factors?
    a. Hematocrit
    b. Length of the blood vessel
    c. Radius or luminal size of the blood vessel
    d. Viscosity of blood
A

C

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6
Q
  1. Turbulent blood flow
    a. Can lead to the production of sound in the circulatory system
    b. Is characterized by swirls and eddy currents that generate vibrations
    c. Occurs if Reynold’s number is greater that 3000
    d. Is described by all of the above
    e. Is described by none of the above
A

D

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7
Q
  1. When bood flow is streamline and laminar
    a. Axial accumulation of formed elements occur
    b. Flow velocity is higher near the vessel wall than at the center
    c. Flow velocity is uniform throughout the blood vessel
    d. Sounds are heart within the blood vessel
A

A

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8
Q
  1. Blood flow
    a. Is laminar in most segments of the circulation
    b. Velocity is a function of the blood vessel size (cross-sectional area)
    c. Volume is unchanged as blood passes through one circulatory segment
    to the next
    d. Is characterized by all of the above statements
A

D

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9
Q
  1. According to Poiseuille’s law, volume flow in a tube is directly proportional to the
    a. Pressure drop across the length of the tube
    b. Length of the tube
    c. Viscosity of the fluid
    d. All of the above
    e. None of the above
A

A

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10
Q
  1. The slowest mean flow velocity of blood is in the
    a. Aorta
    b. Arterioles
    c. Capillaries
    d. Inferior vena cava
    e. Superior vena cava
A

C

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11
Q
  1. Even a stronger than normal stimulus will not cause a ventricular muscle to develop a propagated action potential during which period?
    a. Effective refractory period
    b. Relative refractory period
    c. Resting state
    d. Late phase 3 of the action potential
    e. Phase 4 of the action potential
A

A

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12
Q
  1. The primary reason for the above phenomenon (question # 11) is because
    a. All the fast Na+ channels are in the inactivated state
    b. The slow Ca++ channels are completely open
    c. The Na+-K+ ATPase pump is already active
    d. The membrane’s permeability to K+ is increased
    e. None of the above is correct
A

A

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13
Q
  1. Which of the following mechanisms is/are thought to be responsible for the spontaneous diastolic depolarization of pacemaker cells?
    a. An increase in the membrane’s permeability to Ca++ during the resting phase
    b. A progressive decrease in the membrane’s permeability to K+ during the resting phase
    c. A slight increase in the membrane’s permeability to Na+ during the resting phase
    d. All of the abovee.
    None of the above
A

D

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14
Q
  1. In the SA and AV nodal cells, depolarization is caused primarily by
    a. Na+ influx through the slow Na+-channels (if current)
    b. Ca++ influx through the slow Ca++ (iCa current)
    c. K+ influx through the inward rectifier K+ (ik1 current)
    d. K+ efflux through the delayed rectifier K+ channel (iK current)
    e. Na+ influx through the fast Na+ channels (iNa current)
A

B

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15
Q
  1. During which phase of the ventricular action potential does the membrane potential move toward the Na+ equilibrium potential?
    a. Phase 0
    b. Phase 1
    c. Phase 2
    d. Phase 3
    e. Phase 4
A

A

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16
Q
  1. The plateau phase of the ventricular action potential is attributed to
    a. The slow entry of Ca++ and Na+ into the cells being countered by K+ efflux
    b. The rapid entry of Na+ into the cells being countered by Ca++ efflux
    c. The slow entry of K+ into the cells being countered by Na+ efflux
    d. The rapid entry of Cl- into the cells accompanied by the entry of Na+
A

A

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17
Q
  1. The SA node is the normal pacemaker of the heart because
    a. It is the most superiorly located among the various pacemakers
    b. It is not affected by the autonomic nervous system
    c. It has the fastest inherent rate of spontaneous diastolic depolarization
    d. It is the only one among the pacemakers that exhibit a fast-response type
    of action potential
    e. It has the shortest relative refractory period among the pacemakers
A

C

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18
Q
  1. Conduction velocity of electrical currents through the cardiac structures is a function of the
    a. Magnitude of the action potential
    b. Size or diameter of the cardiac muscle or conducting fiber
    c. Type of action potential exhibited by the muscle or conducting fiber
    d. All of the above
    e. None of the above
A

D

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19
Q
  1. In the normal ECG
    a. Atrial repolarization is represented by the “u” wave
    b. The ST segment corresponds to the plateau phase of the fast-response action potential
    c. The repolarization wave form of the ventricles generally has an opposite direction/polarity as that of the depolarization wave form
    d. All of the above are correct
    e. None of the above is correct
A

B

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20
Q
  1. Which of the following is the result of an inward Na+ current?
    a. Upstroke of the action potential (phase 0) of the sinoatrial (SA) nodal cells
    b. Upstroke of the action potential (phase 0) of the Purkinje fibers
    c. Plateau of the action potential (phase 2) of ventricular muscle cells
    d. Repolarization of the action potential (phase 3) of ventricular muscle cells
    e. Repolarization of the action potential (phase 3) of sinoatrial (SA) nodal
    cells
A

B

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21
Q
  1. Of the following factors that can affect cardiac output, which can most accurately be determined by the ECG?
    a. Heart rate
    b. Mean arterial pressure
    c. Stroke volume
    d. T otal peripheral resistance
A

A

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22
Q
  1. During the phase 0 of the ventricular action potential, the membrane potential
    a. Becomes progressively more negative
    b. Does not change at all
    c. Moves towards the equilibrium potential for Ca++
    d. Moves towards the equilibrium potential for K+
    e. Moves towards the equilibrium potential for Na+
A

E

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23
Q
  1. If the resting membrane potential of pacemaker A is -80 mv and that of pacemaker B is -60 mv, and the threshold potential is the same for both pacemakers, the rate of automatic firing (spontaneous diastolic depolarization) of pacemaker A will be
    a. Faster than that of pacemaker B
    b. Slower than that of pacemaker B
    c. The same as that of pacemaker B
A

B

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24
Q
  1. The delay in impulse conduction through the AV node/junction permits
    a. Augmented ventricular filling during atrial systole
    b. Augmented atrial filling during atrial diastole
    c. The production of a louder than normal second heart sound
    d. The occurrence of the so-called physiologic splitting of the second heart sound
    e. All of the above
A

A

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25
Q
  1. An improvement cardiac performance is demonstrated on a Frank-Starling diagram by
    a. An increase in cardiac output for a given increase in end-diastolic volume
    b. An increase in cardiac output for a given increase in end-systolic volume
    c. A decrease in cardiac output for a given increase in end-diastolic volume
    d. A decrease in cardiac output for a given increase in end-systolic volume
A

A

26
Q
  1. Which of the following interventions will increase cardiac stroke volume?
    a. Increased ventricular filling pressure
    b. Increased systemic arterial pressure
    c. Increased activity of the cardiac parasympathetic nerves
    d. All of the above
    e. None of the above
A

A

27
Q
  1. The increase in venous return that occurs during exercise allows the heart to eject more blood because of the
    a. Increase in heart rate
    b. Frank-Starling mechanism
    c. Increase in afterload
    d. Decrease in preload
A

B

28
Q
  1. Which of the following formulae will give the stroke volume of the heart?
    a. Cardiac output divided by the heart rate
    b. Ejection fraction multiplied by the left ventricular end-diastolic volume
    c. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume minus left ventricular end-systolic
    volume
    d. All of the above
A

D

29
Q
  1. Diastole is the interval between
    a. The opening of the atrioventricular valves and the closure of the
    semilunar valves
    b. The opening of the semilunar valves and the closure of the
    atrioventricular valves
    c. The closure of the semilunar valves and opening of the atrioventricular
    valves
    d. The closure of the semilunar valves and the closure of the atrioventricular
    valves
A

D

30
Q
  1. Normally, prolongation of diastole will result in
    a. A better filling of the ventricles
    b. An increase in heart rate
    c. A reduction in stroke volume
    d. A reduction in the total peripheral resistance
A

A

31
Q
  1. The strength of cardiac muscle contraction depends to a large extent on the availability of
    a. Calcium ions
    b. Magnesium ions
    c. Potassium ions
    d. Sodium ions
A

A

32
Q
  1. The first heart sound (S1) is associated with the
    a. Closure of the atrioventricular valves b. Closure of the semilunar valves
    c. Opening of the atrioventricular valves
    d. Opening of the semilunar valves
A

A

33
Q
  1. During the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle
    a. The atrial pressure is higher than the ventricular pressure
    b. There is a gradual reduction in intraventricular volume
    c. There is a rapid reduction in intraventricular volume d. d. There is a rapid rise in intraventricular pressure
A

D

34
Q
  1. Physiologic splitting of the second heart sound (S2) is normally appreciated
    a. During the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle
    b. During the expiratory phase of the respiratory cycle
    c. During breath holding
    d. At all phases of the respiratory cycle
A

A

35
Q
  1. Ventricular volume is at its lowest/smallest when which valvular event occurs?
    a. Aortic valve closure
    b. Aortic valve opening
    c. Mitral valve closure
    d. Tricuspid valve closure
A

A

36
Q
  1. The Frank-Starling principle states that ventricular function is directly related to the
    a. Level of the aortic pressure
    b. Ventricular end-diastolic volume
    c. Ventricular end-systolic volume
    d. Level of the systemic vascular resistance
A

B

37
Q
  1. Comparing the cardiac output of the left ventricle with the cardiac output of the right ventricle, it has been determined that
    a. They are equal
    b. The RV cardiac output is less than the LV cardiac output
    c. The RV cardiac output is more than the LV cardiac output
    d. They are inversely proportional to each other
A

A

38
Q
  1. The factor that causes the cardiac valves to either open or close is the
    a. Depolarization of the valve leaflets
    b. Eddy current across the valves
    c. Presence of chordae tendinae
    d. Pressure gradient across the valves
    e. Turbulent flow across the valves
A

D

39
Q
  1. The interval between the first and second heart sounds corresponds to the
    a. Cardiac cycle
    b. Diastasis
    c. Diastolic phase
    d. Systolic phase
A

D

40
Q
  1. Applying pressure on the carotid sinus will evoke a reflex
    a. Peripheral vasodilation and tachycardia
    b. Peripheral vasodilation and bradycardia
    c. Peripheral vasoconstriction and tachycardia
    d. Peripheral vasoconstriction and bradycardia
A

B

41
Q
  1. Which phase of the ventricular action potential coincides with diastole?
    a. Phase 0
    b. Phase 1
    c. Phase 2
    d. Phase 3
    e. Phase 4
A

E

42
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle Is correct?
    a. Contraction of the LV starts after that of the RV
    b. The left atrial systole precedes the right atrial systole
    c. The pulmonic valve closes slightly before the aortic valve
    d. RV ejection begins before LV ejection
    e. RV ejection is shorter than LV ejection
A

D

43
Q
  1. Increasing the tone of the venous blood vessels will result in
    a. An elevated systemic blood pressure due to an increase in peripheral
    resistance
    b. An increase venous return
    c. An increase in the capacitance of the venous system
    d. All of the above
    e. None of the above
A

B

44
Q
  1. A fall in atrial pressure is expected during
    a. Atrial contraction
    b. Atrial filling
    c. Expiratory phase of respiration
    d. Inspiratory phase of respiration
A

D

45
Q
  1. During the isovolumetric contraction phase
    a. All the cardiac valves are closed
    b. All the cardiac valves are open
    c. Both atrioventricular valves are open but both semilunar valves are closed
    d. Both atrioventricular valves are closed but the semilunar valves are open
A

A

46
Q
  1. Inflow of blood to the right-sided cardiac chambers (RA and RV) during inspiration is
    a. Greater than during expiration
    b. Less than during expiration
    c. Equal to that during expiration
    d. Not affected at all by respiration
A

A

47
Q
  1. Which of the following is considered an important factor that determine venous return to the right side of the heart?
    a. Frank-Starling’s mechanism
    b. Heterometric autoregulation
    c. Homeometric autoregulation
    d. Skeletal muscle contraction in the lower extremities
    e. None of the above
A

D

48
Q
  1. Within a cardiac cycle, the flow of blood in the vena cavae is slowest during
    a. Atrial diastole
    b. Atrial systole
    c. Ventricular diastole
    d. Ventricular systole
A

B

49
Q
  1. The interval between the first and second heart sounds corresponds to the
    a. Ventricular systolic phase b. Ventricular diastolic phase c. Entire cardiac cycle d. Ejection phase
A

A

50
Q
  1. Mean arterial pressure is influenced primarily by which of the following?
    a. Cardiac preload
    b. Heart rate
    c. Stroke volume
    d. Systemic vascular resistance
A

D

51
Q
  1. An elderly individual with a stiff, non-compliant aorta, compared to a young individual with a compliant aorta, will present with
    a. A higher systolic but a lower diastolic blood pressure
    b. A lower systolic but a higher diastolic blood pressure
    c. Higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures
    d. Lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures
A

A

52
Q
  1. An increase in arteriolar resistance, without any change in the other components of the cardiovascular system, will produce
    a. A decrease in total peripheral resistance b. An increase in arterial pressure
    c. A decrease in afterload
    d. A decrease in preload
A

B

53
Q
  1. The pulse pressure is
    a. The highest pressure as measured in the arteries
    b. Determined by the stoke volume
    c. Decreased when the capacitance of the arteries decreases
    d. The difference between mean arterial pressure and central venous
    pressure
A

B

54
Q
  1. The mean arterial pressure of the cardiovascular system can be approximated more accurately by taking the
    a. Average of the systolic and diastolic blood pressures
    b. Average of systolic, diastolic and pulse pressures
    c. Sum of the diastolic and 1⁄3 of the pulse pressure
    d. Any of the above
A

C

55
Q
  1. Reduced compliance of the aortic wall is expected to
    a. Decrease the diastolic blood pressure
    b. Increase the diastolic blood pressure
    c. Decrease the systolic blood pressure
    d. Increase in systolic blood pressure
A

D

56
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE with regards the vascular smooth muscle?
    a. Can be activated by stretch
    b. Can change contractile acivity in the absence of changes in the
    membrane potential
    c. Can maintain tension for prolonged periods of time with very little energy
    cost
    d. All of the above
    e. None of the above
A

D

57
Q
  1. The characteristics of distensibility and elasticity differentiates flow in the vascular system from flow in rigid tubes such that
    a. Blood flow occurs only during the period of cardiac contraction
    b. Flow occurs in the vascular system despite the absence of a pressure
    head during ventricular diastole
    c. Flow in the vascular system occurs during diastole because a pressure
    head is maintained by the elastic recoil of large arteries
    d. All of the above
    e. None of the above
A

C

58
Q
  1. Even without nerve nor humoral stimulation, the smooth muscle coat of the arterioles remain in a partially contracted state and this is referred as
    a. Intrinsic tone
    b. Metabolic vasomotion
    c. Neurogenic ions
    d. Peripheral resistance
A

A

59
Q
  1. With the palpatory method of blood pressure determination
    a. The disappearance of the pulse as the cuff is deflated marks the diastolic
    blood pressure
    b. The appearance of the pulse as the cuff is deflated marks the diastolic
    blood pressure
    c. The disappearance of the pulse as the cuff is deflated marks the diastolic
    blood pressure
    d. The appearance of the pulse as the cuff is deflated marks the systolic
    blood pressure
A

D

60
Q
  1. If during blood pressure determination, the arm around which the cuff is wrapped is positioned above heart level, the blood pressure taken will be
    a. Lower than the true blood pressure
    b. Higher than the true blood pressure
    c. The same as that of the true blood pressure
A

A

PHYSIOLOGY (21 decks)

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