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PHYSIOLOGY > 1st Evals 2017 - Cell Physiology & Electrophysiology > Flashcards

1st Evals 2017 - Cell Physiology & Electrophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

objective of homeostasis is to maintain the immediate environment of the cell which is the

A

interstitial fluid

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2
Q

contration of protein is higher in ECF or ICF?

A

ICF

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3
Q

total volume of ECF & ICF

A 
ICF = 40% of body weight
ECF = 20% of BW
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4
Q

GAIN formula

A

GAIN=Correction/Error

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5
Q

conditions that are constantly regulated by homeostatic control include:

a. oxygen concentration
b. blood pH
c. body temp
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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6
Q

the following organs function towards maintenance of homeostatic conditions in the “internal environment” of the cell, EXCEPT:

a. digestive tract
b. kidneys
c. lungs
d. ovary and testis

A

sabi sa pastE B, feeling ko D.

ewan. not sure.

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7
Q

“internal environment of the fell that is the object of homeostasis is

A

extracellular fluid (ECF).. actually yung insterstitial fluid, un na din yun kasi nasa ECF yun.

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8
Q

the measure of the efficiency of the homeostatic mechanism

A

gain

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9
Q

In hemorrhagic shock, death is likely to ensue following decreased blood flow to the

A

heart

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10
Q

in the redundancy of control of blood glucose levels, all of the following can increase blood glucose, EXCEPT:

a. insulin
b. glucagon
c. glucocorticoid
d. epinephrine

A

A. insulin

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11
Q

MUST BE PRESENT IN OSMOSIS, but is not necessarily present in simple diffusion

A

semi-permeable membrane

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12
Q

occurs in osmosis:

WATER moves from area of (high or low?) SOLUTE concentration to area of (high or low?) solute concentration

A

low to high

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13
Q

in tonicity, WATER moves from area of (higher/lower?) SOLVENT concentration to area of (higher or lower?) solvent concentration.

A

higher to lower

from hypotonic solution to hypertonic solution

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14
Q

reflection coefficient of a solute to which the cell membrane is impermeable

A

1

di ko alam kung bakit

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15
Q

In Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium, the ff components are found in greater amount in ICF than in the ECF, EXCEPT:

a. diffusible cations
b. diffusible anions
c. total diffusible ions
d. total volume

A

b. diffusible anions.

kasi yung Protein na negatively charged ay hindi diffusable.

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16
Q

which of the ff occurs in protein mediated transport in cell membrane?

a. stereospecificity
b. competition
c. saturation
d. all of the above

A

d. all of the above

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17
Q

facilitated transport - uphill or downhill?

A

downhill

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18
Q

active transport - uphill or downhill?

A

uphill

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19
Q

hydrolyze ATP

A

lahat ng active transport

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20
Q

mediated by transport proteins

A

both facilitated and active transport

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21
Q

direct hydrolysis of ATP occurs in the transport by:

A

primary active transport

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22
Q

indirect hydrolysis of ATP occurs in the transport by:

A

secondary active tranport (both co-transport and counter-transport)

23
Q

transport of solutes by the Na+-K+ ATPase pump is by:

A

primary active transport

24
Q

for most secondary active transporters, the hydrolysis of ATP is from the activity of the

A

Na+-K+ ATPase

25
Q

what structure in effector cells allows the recognition of appropriate chemical signals from other cells?

A

receptors

26
Q

second messengers

A
  • intracellular MEDIATOR that triggers the effect of the hormone/transmitter
  • amplifies the response
27
Q

second messengers…

a. interact with ligands outside the cells
b. bind to ligands in the cell membrane
c. are hormones secreted by cells in response to another hormone
d. mediate the intracellular response to other chemical messengers

A

D. MEDIATE the intracellular response to other chemical messengers.

28
Q

up-regulation occurs…

A
  • when the concentration of the signal molecule is chronically low
  • when there is an increase in the number of receptors
  • results in an increase in sensitivity of the effector cell
29
Q

down-regulation occurs

A
  • when the concentration of the signal molecule is chronically high
  • when there is an decrease in the number of receptors
  • results in decreased sensitivity of the effector cell to the signal molecule
30
Q

receptors for lipid-soluble ligands are found in the

A

nucleus and

cytoplasm

31
Q

receptors for water-soluble ligands are found in the

A

cell membrane

32
Q

GPCR signalling (steps)

A
  1. activation by receptor-ligand binding
  2. receptor interacts with G-protein: GDP converted to GTP
  3. G-Protein dissociates from receptor
  4. alpha-GTP and beta-gamma subunits dissociate
  5. both alpha-GTP and beta-gamma subunits interact with their effectors
  6. hydrolysis of GTP to GDP inactivates alpha, reassembly of trimer.
33
Q

transport for lipid-soluble substances

A

simple diffusion

34
Q

transport is driven by concentration gradient for Na+ inside the cell

A

secondary active transport

35
Q

membrane protein requires ATP in conformational change to transport solutes

A

primary active transport.

direct na kailangan ng ATP; yun kasing secondary, indirect.

36
Q

transport mechanism can be saturated

A

facilitated diffusion at active transport

di ko alam kung bakit

37
Q

which of the following membrane transport proteins is “non-gated”?

a. membrane pore
b. channel proteins
c. carrier proteins
d. all of the above

A

A. membrane pore

38
Q

transfer of glucose with Na+ across intestinal epithelium

A

secondary active transport (co-transport)

  • –yung Na+-iodide symport, co-transport din yun.
  • –yung Na+-Ca++, Na+-H+, at H+-K+, ay puro counter-transport
39
Q

examples of counter-transport

A

Na+-Ca++
Na+-H+
H+-K+

40
Q

the transport of glucose by glucose transporter proteins that is stimulated by insulin is by:

A

facilitated diffusion

41
Q

the tonicity of a solution is determined b its concentration relative to:

A

water

42
Q

cell in hypotonic soln will swell or shrink?

A

swell

43
Q

cell in hypertonic soln will swell or shrink?

A

shrink

44
Q

the release of cell secretion into the ECF/ the release of lytic contents of lysosomes by macrophages in the destruction of viral infected cells

A

exocytosis

45
Q

kabaliktaran ng exocytosis kasi into the cell naman

A

endocytosis

46
Q

uptake of soluble material (endocytosis)

A

pinocytosis

47
Q

uptake of particulate material (endocytosis)

A

phagocytosis

48
Q

cellular communication that elicits the most diffused and generalized response

A

endocrine

49
Q

amplify the effects of the transmitter substance

A

second messenger

50
Q

second messengers (DOES/DOES NOT) interact with ligand/transmitter substance

A

DOES NOT

51
Q

the nicotinic acetylcholine-NA+ channel is a/an:

A

ion-linked channel receptor

52
Q

G-protein coupled receptors are activated by:

A

receptor-ligand interaction

53
Q

causes mobilization of intracellular Ca++ is:

A

inositol-triphosphate

54
Q

both Na+ and K+ are moved against their concentration or electrical gradients across the membrane because of:

A

Na+-K+-ATPase system

PHYSIOLOGY (21 decks)

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