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PHYSIOLOGY > 4th Evals 2018 - Respi > Flashcards

4th Evals 2018 - Respi Flashcards

1
Q
  1. The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure: This is
    A. Boyle’s Law
    B. Charles’ Law C. Dalton’s Law D. Fick’s Laws
A

A

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2
Q
  1. In dry atmospheric air, oxygen is: A. 70%
    B. 21%
    C. 0.04%
    D. 100%
A

B

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3
Q
  1. The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiration is driven by gradients in:
    A. Temperature B. Volume
    C. Pressure
    D. All of the above
A

C

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4
Q 
4. Deoxygenated blood is delivered to the pulmonary circulation from the:
A. Right atrium
B. Right ventricle
C. Left atrium
D. Left ventricle
A

B

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5
Q 
5. The following occurs to inspired air in the upper airways, EXCEPT:
A. It is cooled.
B. It is filtered.
C. it is humidified.
D. It is brought to body temperature.
A

A

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6
Q
  1. The following are true of the “mucociliary escalator”, EXCEPT
    A. It is distributed throughout the respiratory airways.
    B. It assists propulsion of inspired air towards the distal alveoli. C. The overlying mucus moves up the tracheobronchial tree.
    D. Its function is impaired by cigarette smoke.
A

B

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7
Q
  1. Other than surfactant, metabolic function of the lungs include synthesis of: A. Angiotensin II
    B. Heparin
    C. Histamine
    D. All of the above
A

D

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8
Q
  1. The conducting zone ends at the: A. Bronchi
    B. Medium-sized bronchioles
    C. Terminal bronchioles
    D. Respiratory bronchioles
A

C

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9
Q 
9. The largest total cross-sectional area in the respiratory system is in the:
A. Terminal bronchioles
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Alveolar ducts
D. Alveolar sacs
A

D

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10
Q 
10. Transport of respiratory gases is by simple diffusion in the following segments, EXCEPT:
A. Bronchi
B. Respiratory bronchioles
C. Alveolar ducts
D. Alveolar sacs
A

A

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11
Q 
11. In the upright lung, the distribution of pulmonary circulation is highest in the:
A. Apex
B. Middle
C. Base
D. Equal through out
A

C

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12
Q
  1. The trigger for vasoconstriction in the pulmonary circulation is: A. Acidosis
    B. Adenosine
    C. Hypoxia
    D. Hypercarbia
A

C

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13
Q
  1. In the airways, bronchodilation is mediated by

A. Alpha1 receptors B. Alpha2 receptors C. Beta1 receptors D. Beta2 receptors

A

D

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14
Q
  1. The respiratory membrane consists of: A. Surfactant
    B. Alveolar epithelium
    C. Capillary endothelium
    D. All of the above
A

D

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15
Q
  1. Which of the following statements about alveolar cells is TRUE:
    A. Type I alveolar cells line the respiratory membrane
    B.There are more Type I than Type II alveolar cells
    C. Type I alveolar cells are regenerated when damaged
    D. All of the above
A

A

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16
Q
  1. In the pulmonary circulation, which of the following is correct:
    A. RBC circulation time, 0.90 sec vs. RBC-O2 saturation time, 0.5 sec
    B. RBC circulation time, 0.75 sec vs. RBC-O2 saturation time, 0.25 sec
    C. RBC circulation time, 0.50 sec vs. RBC-O2 saturation time, 0.15 sec
    D. RBC circulation time, 0.25 sec vs. RBC-O2 saturation time, 0.05 sec
A

B

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17
Q
  1. When the respiratory membrane thickens, gas exchange is compromised during exercise BECAUSE:
    A. Pulmonary circulation time is decreased.
    B. The velocity of pulmonary blood flow is decreased.
    C. There is less oxygen in the alveolar sacs.
    D. The diffusion time for oxygen is shortened.
A

D

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18
Q 
18. In inspiration, the largest increase in volume of the thoracic cavity occurs when:
A. The diaphragm contracts
B. The diaphragm relax
C. The rib cage elevates
D. The sternum moves forward
A

A

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19
Q
  1. During quiet inspiration,
    A. The diaphragm descends
    B. The intrapleural pressure becomes more negative
    C. The intra-alveolar pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure D. All of the above
A

D

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20
Q
  1. During quiet expiration, the following are true, EXCEPT:
    A. The diaphragm is relaxed
    B. The intra-alveolar pressure is positive
    C. The intra-pleural pressure becomes positive
    D. The transpulmonary pressure decreases
A

C

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21
Q
  1. The transpulmonary pressure is equal to
    A. Airway pressure minus atmospheric pressure
    B. Alveolar pressure minus the atmospheric pressure
    C. Alveolar pressure minus the intra-pleural pressure
    D. Atmospheric pressure plus intra-pleural pressure
A

C

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22
Q
  1. At which of the following pressures is lung volume the largest:
    A. PAlv=0cmH20,Ppl=-5cmH2O B. PAlv=-2cmH20,Ppl=-6cmH2O C. PAlv=0cmH20,Ppl=-8cmH2O D. PAlv=+2cmH20,Ppl=-5cmH2O
A

c

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23
Q 
23. The “resting volume” of the lungs at the end of expiration of tidal breath is:
A. Residual volume
B. Functional residual capacity
C. Vital capacity
D. Total lung capacity
A

B

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24
Q 
24. The intra-pleural pressure is most negative when lung volume is at:
A. Residual volume
B. Functional residual capacity
C. Tidal volume
D. Total lung capacity
A

D

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25
Q 
25. Intra-alveolar pressure is “zero” at: A. End of inspiration
B. End of expiration
C. Mid-inspiration
D. All of the above
E. A and B only
A

E

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26
Q
  1. The following true of dead space , EXCEPT:
    A. Anatomic dead space is the volume of air in the conducting airways
    B. Dead space volume is equal to anatomic dead space in the normal person C. A dead space volume of 300 ml is normal
    D. Physiologic dead space occurs when there are unperfused alveoli
A

C

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27
Q
  1. When there is no physiologic dead space, expired air PCO2 (PECO2 ) is A. Equal to alveolar PCO2 (PACO2 )
    B. Less than alveolar PCO2 (PACO2 )
    C. Greater than alveolar PCO2 (PACO2 )
A

A

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28
Q
  1. What is the change, if any, on expired air PCO2 (PECO2 ) compared to alveolar PCO2 (PACO2 ) when there is physiologic dead space: PECO2 is
    A. Increased
    B. Decreased
    C. Unchanged
A

B

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29
Q
  1. Under normal conditions, which one has the highest alveolar ventilation ( VA):
    A. Tidal volume = 650 ml, Respiration = 9 breaths per minute B. Tidal volume = 600 ml, Respiration = 10 breaths per minute C. Tidal volume = 300 ml, Respiration = 30 breaths per minute D. All of the above are equal
A

D

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30
Q
  1. The alveolar ventilation (VA ) according to the alveolar ventilation equation, is
    A. Directly proportional to alveolar O2 , PAO2
    B. Inversely proportional alveolar O2 , PAO2
    C. Directly proportional to alveolar CO2, PACO2
    D. Inversely proportional alveolar CO2, PACO2
A

D

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31
Q
  1. According to the Law of Laplace, the distending pressure required to maintain an
    alveolus inflated during respiration will be greatest in which of the following alveoli:
    A. Radius = 1 mm C. Radius = 3 mm
    B. Radius = 2 mm D. Radius = 4 mm
A

A

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32
Q
  1. With hysteresis in the pressure-volume curve of the lungs during inspiration and expiration:
    A. Compliance is greater during inspiration than expiration
    B. Compliance is greater during expiration than inspiration
    C. Compliance is the same during inspiration and expiration
A

B

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33
Q
  1. In the above figure, the highest compliance curve occurs with
    A. Emphysema
    B. Normal
    C. Fibrosis
A

A

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34
Q
  1. How does surfactant increase compliance?
    A. It increases the alveolar pressure during inspiration B. It makes the intra-pleural pressure more negative C. It decreases the surface tension on the alveolus
    D. All of the above
A

C

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35
Q 
35. Resistance in the airways decreases with an increase in:
A. Air viscosity
B. Length of the airways
C. Radius of the airways
D. All of the above
A

C

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36
Q
  1. Which of the following conditions favors movement of a certain gas from one
    compartment to another (say from capillary to alveolus) and vice versa? [Pp{gas} = partial pressure of the gas]
    A. Pp{gas}capillary – Pp{gas}alveolus = 0
    B. Alveolar-capillary barrier thickness&raquo_space; 0.5 μm C. Recruitment of previously collapsed capillaries D. A higher gas molecular weight
A

C

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37
Q 
37. The following gases are perfusion-limited EXCEPT
A. Nitrous oxide
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Oxygen at rest
D. Carbon monoxide
A

D

38
Q
  1. Which of the following statements regarding patients with thickened or scarred alveolar-capillary barriers is true?
    A. Compared to individuals with normal lungs, O2 is already diffusion-limited to begin with in these patients
    B. Compared to normal individuals, they need additional O2 to increase the alveolar-capillary P pressure gradient to favor alvcap O2 movement
    C. The faster rate of transit of blood through the capillaries during exercise further hinders oxygen equilibration in such patients
    D. All of the above statements regarding patients with thickened or scarred alveolar-capillary barriers are true
A

D

39
Q
  1. Besides resulting in lower blood oxygen partial pressures, the lower oxygen partial pressure in the atmosphere at high altitudes also results in
    A. Higher transit time of blood through the capillaries
    B. Lower oxygen alveolar-capillary partial pressure gradient
    C. Lower oxygen diffusion coefficient or diffusivity
    D. Lower surface area available for oxygen diffusion
A

B

40
Q
  1. The following measures can increase delivery of oxygen to the peripheral tissues except
    A. Blood transfusion to increase hemoglobin levels
    B. Hyperventilation to decrease blood PCO2 levels
    C. O2 inhalation to increase blood O2 content (dissolved + Hb-bound O2)
    D. Giving medications or agents that increase cardiac output
A

B

41
Q 
41. The following are causes of hypoxemia EXCEPT
A. Diffusion limitation
B. Hypoventilation
C. / mismatch
D. Left-to-right cardiac shunt
A

D

42
Q
  1. The following are causes of hypoxic hypoxia except A. / mismatch
    B. Low alveolar O2 partial pressure
    C. Perfusion impairment or limitation
    D. Right-to-left shunting
A

C

43
Q
  1. Cyanide poisoning results in histotoxic hypoxia because of
    A. Oxidation of the ferrous ion of hemoglobin
    B. Competition for oxygen-binding sites on hemoglobin C. Polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin
    D. Disruption of the electron transport chain
A

D

44
Q
  1. Methemoglobinemia is an example of anemic hypoxia that is due to
    A. Production of abnormal hemoglobin or red blood cells
    B. Interference with chemical combination of hemoglobin and oxygen
    C. Decreased functional hemoglobin or red blood cell production
    D. None of the above
A

B

45
Q
  1. Hyperventilation is the lungs’ response to which acid-base disorder?
    A. Metabolic acidosis
    B. Respiratory acidosis C. Metabolic alkalosis D. Respiratory alkalosis
A

A

46
Q
  1. Systemic vascular resistance : pulmonary vascular resistance is A. 8:1
    B. 5:1
    C. 10:1
    D. 2:1
A

C

47
Q 
47. Total pulmonary vascular resistance is said to be lowest at
A. TLC
B. FRC
C. ERV
D. RV
A

B

48
Q
  1. What tends to keep fluid inside the blood vessel?
    A. Capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc)
    B. Intestitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (Pis)
    C. Plasma oncotic pressure (πpl)
    D. Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure (πis)
A

C

49
Q 
49. Recruitment and distention of pulmonary capillaries, leading to decrease in PVR, is caused by increases in the following except
A. Pulmonary blood flow or volume
B. Lung volume
C. Cardiac output
D. PA and LA pressures
A

B

50
Q
  1. Which
    of the following statement is true?
    A. Ventilation increases slowly from top to bottom lung, while blood flow increases more rapidly
    B. Lung zone 1 follows fixed anatomic landmarks, and can occur under normal conditions
    C. Exercise (which raises cardiac output) results in greater blood flow to the top portions of the lungs relative to the bottom portions
    D. Low capillary PO2 and not alveolar hypoxia constricts precapillary pulmonary vessels during hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
A

A

51
Q
  1. A patient with known systolic heart failure (a heart with weak “squeeze”) ingests more salt and water than he is supposed to, thus increases his intravascular fluid volume; he
    then goes into pulmonary congestion. In his case, which of the following lead to the development of his pulmonary edema?
    A. An increase in pulmonary capillary permeability
    B. A decrease in capillary oncotic pressure
    C. An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure
    D. A decrease in interstitial hydrostatic pressure
A

C

52
Q
  1. In dead space conditions, no perfusion occurs, and / . The following regarding such conditions are true except
    A. The gas partial pressures approximate that of air in the trachea
    B. Such conditions correspond to West lung zone 1 conditions
    C. The gas partial pressures approximate that of mixed venous blood
    D. The PO2 is 150 mmHg while the PCO2 is very close to 0 mmHg
A

C

53
Q
  1. The following statements regarding the lungs of a patient with pulmonary embolism are true except
    A. Affected alveolar units go into dead space conditions
    B. The / 0
    C. Gas content of affected units approximates atmospheric (trachea) air
    D. Overall, blood flow to the lungs becomes non-uniform
A

B

54
Q
  1. A normal person lies down on her left side and breathes normally. Her left lung,
    compared to her right lung, is expected to have
    A. Lower /
    B. Lower blood flow per unit lung volume
    C. Lower ventilation per unit lung volume
    D. Larger alveoli
A

A

55
Q
  1. An otherwise healthy man is brought to the emergency room after accidentally choking on his food. A chicken bone is lodged in his right main bronchus, thereby completely occluding it. The following is likely to occur except
    A. The mechanism of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction will start to kick in, and will try to divert blood from the right lung to the left lung
    B. His arterial PO2 will drop, unless he is able to recruit previously collapsed pulmonary capillaries in his left lung
    C. Overall / , and gas content in those conditions will start to approximate that of atmospheric (trachea) air
    D. Overall / 0, and because of that, the right lung’s alveolar PO2 will drop and alveolar PCO2 will rise
A

C

56
Q 
56. The rhythmicity of spontaneous respiration arises from discharge of neurons located in the brainstem nuclei in the
A. Thalamus
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pons
D. Medulla
A

D

57
Q 
57. The control of respiration that allows for breath-holding is located in the
A. Cerebral cortex
B. Pons
C. Medulla
D. Spinal cord
A

A

58
Q
  1. The “pacemaker” cells that drives respiration are neurons in the A. Botzinger complex
    B. Pre-Botzinger complex
    C. Pneumotaxic center
    D. Apneustic center
A

B

59
Q
  1. These neurons are mainly inspiratory and generates the stimulus to the phrenic nerve
    that cause rhythmic contraction of the diaphragm during quiet breathing
    A. Dorsal respiratory group
    B. Ventral respiratory group
    C. Pneumotaxic center
    D. Apneustic center
A

A

60
Q 
60. The unopposed activity of these pontine neurons is responsible for the characteristic prolonged inspiration interrupted by occasional expirations:
A. Dorsal respiratory group
B. Ventral respiratory group
C. Pneumotaxic center
D. Apneustic center
A

D

61
Q 
61. Transection at this level of the brainstem produces “normal” pattern of respiration
A. Above the pons
B. Middle of the pons
C. Between the pons and the medulla
D. Below the medulla
A

A

62
Q 
62. “Apneusis” occurs when the transection in the brainstem is:
A. Above the pons
B. Middle of the pons
C. Between the pons and the medulla
D. Below the medulla
A

B

63
Q
  1. Convergence of the influences from the higher respiratory centers is at the:
    A. Cerebral cortex B. Pons
    C. Medulla
    D. Spinal motorneuron
A

D

64
Q
  1. Respiration is increased by A. Hypoxia
    B. Hypercarbia
    C. Acidosis
    D. All of the above
A

D

65
Q
  1. Chemoreceptors in the brain
    A. Are located in the medulla
    B. Communicate directly with the inspiratory center C. Monitors PCO2
    D. All of the above
A

D

66
Q 
66. The direct stimulus to central chemoreceptors is
A. Decreased arterial PO2
B. Increased arterial PCO2
C. Increased pH in cerebrospinal fluid 
D. Increased [H+] in cerebrospinal fluid
A

D

67
Q
  1. IN the peripheral chemoreceptors, the following are true, EXCEPT:
    A. The receptors are located in the carotid and the aortic arch
    B. The main drive for respiration arises from discharge from the carotid body
    C. The afferent innvervation to the carotid body is the vagus nerve, CN X D. Respiration is increased when PO2 falls by 40-50%
A

C

68
Q
  1. Stimulation of afferents in the trigeminal nerve from the nasal mucosa and the face

A. Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
B. Hering-Breuer deflation reflex
C. Sneeze/cough
D. Diving reflex

A

D

69
Q 
69. Stimulation of pulmonary stretch receptors that limit the depth of inspiration
A. Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
B. Hering-Breuer deflation reflex
C. Sneeze/cough
D. Diving reflex
A

A

70
Q 
70. Stimulation of pulmonary J receptors associated with periodic spontaneous deep
respirations (sighs)
A. Hering-Breuer inflation reflex
B. Hering-Breuer deflation reflex
C. Sneeze/cough
D. Diving reflex
A

B

71
Q 
71. The excess volume of air exhaled with maximum effort after tidal breath
A. Tidal Volume
B. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
C. Expiratory Reserve Volume
D. Vital Capacity
E. Residual Volume
A

C

72
Q 
72. The volume of air breathed during quiet breathing
A. Tidal Volume
B. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
C. Expiratory Reserve Volume
D. Vital Capacity
E. Residual Volume
A

A

73
Q 
73. The maximum volume of air exhaled after maximum inspiration
A. Tidal Volume
B. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
C. Expiratory Reserve Volume
D. Vital Capacity
E. Residual Volume
A

D

74
Q 
74. The volume of air left that keeps alveoli inflated after forced expiration
A. Tidal Volume
B. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
C. Expiratory Reserve Volume
D. Vital Capacity
E. Residual Volume
A

E

75
Q 
75. The additional volume of air inhaled with maximum effort after tidal breath 
A. Tidal Volume
B. Inspiratory Reserve Volume
C. Expiratory Reserve Volume
D. Vital Capacity
E. Residual Volume
A

B

76
Q 
76. In the experiment, given that tidal volume = 500 ml, if respiration is only 15 breaths per minute, what is the Minute Respiratory Volume?
A. 4.2L
B. 5.25 L
C. 6L
D. 7.5L
A

D

77
Q 
77. As the radius of the airway is decreased, the following lung volumes decrease, EXCEPT:
A. Tidal volume
B. Expiratory Reserve Volume 
C. Inspiratory Reserve Volume 
D. Residual Volume
E. Vital Capacity
A

D

78
Q
  1. IN the previous question, the narrowing of airway radius caused
    A. An increased negativity in the intra-pleural pressure, Ppl
    B. Alveolar pressure (PA) to become more positive
    C. Retention of air in the alveoli
    D. All of the above
A

C

79
Q 
79. Addition of surfactant increased the following, EXCEPT
A. Volume
B. Alveolar pressure (PA)
C. Flow velocity in the airways
D. Total flow
A

B

80
Q 
80. In pneumothorax, the intrapleural pressure in the affected hemithorax becomes
A. More negative
B. “Zero”
C. Positive
D. Unchanged
A

B

81
Q 
81. Which of the following is decreased during rapid breathing?
A. Tidal volume 
B. Total air flow 
C. PCO2
D. All of the above
A

D

82
Q 
82. On the other hand, rebreathing expired air will increase arterial 
A. [PO2]
B. [PCO2]
C. pH
D. All of the above
A

B

83
Q
  1. FEV1/ FVC ratio is 80%
    A. Asthma D. All of the above B. Emphysema E. A and B
    C. Normal
A

C

84
Q
  1. An obstructive lung disease
    A. Asthma D. All of the above B. Emphysema E. A and B
    C. Normal
A

E

85
Q
  1. Characterized by broncho constriction
    A. Asthma D. All of the above B. Emphysema E. A and B
    C. Normal
A

A

86
Q
  1. There is loss of elastic recoil
    A. Asthma D. All of the above B. Emphysema E. A and B
    C. Normal
A

B

87
Q
  1. Residual Volume is increased
    A. Asthma D. All of the above B. Emphysema E. A and B
    C. Normal
A

E

88
Q

88.choose the subject likely to have the higher predicted vital capacity, based on the given data.
A. Gilbuena, M. (male/22 yrs) B. Vacal, N. (female/22 years)

A

A

89
Q
  1. choose the subject likely to have the higher predicted vital capacity, based on the given data.
    A. Vacal, N (female/ height: 141 cm) B. Adaya, J (female/ height: 172 cm)
A

B

90
Q
  1. choose the subject likely to have the higher predicted vital capacity, based on the given data.
    A. Shiffer, N (male/ 35 yrs) B. Edeh, R (male/ 24 yrs)
A

B

PHYSIOLOGY (21 decks)

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