GIT Flashcards by soad auf

Layers

Mucosa (simple columnar epithelium)
Sub mucosa (CT)
Muscularis (smooth muscle)
Enteric plexus (nerves)
Serosa/ peritoneum (epithelium)

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4 cells in mucosa of stomach

Parietal&raquo_space; HCl +intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
Chief» pepsinogen, peptic
Mucous» alkaline protective mucus
G cells» gastrin- somatostatin -histamine-serotonin

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Hcl and i trinsic factor

Parietal/ oxyntic

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Food enter lumen (first step)

CO2 enter parietal cell
Combines with H2O in presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme forming
Carbonic acid
Which dissociates into
Bicarbonate ion and proton

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Second step of HCl secretion

Proton pumped out into lumen and bicarbonate pumped out into interstitial space by bicarbonate chloride anti portal
Cl- gets into parietal cell and gets out by chloride channel meeting the proton in the lumen
Combines and forms HCl

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Activation of pepsinogen

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen which is inactive
When it meets HCl in lumen it becomes pepsin that digests proteins

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Proteins digested into…

Protease
Peptones

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HCl is only present when ..

Food is in lumen

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T/f HCl is formed inside parietal cells

False outside in lumen to prevent damage

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Gastric juice pH and components

1-3.5
Salts /enzymes/HCl/ mucus/ H2O

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Inflammation in stomach lining

Gastritis

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Symptoms of gastritis

Heartburn
Upper abdominal pain
Nausea

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Gastritis causes

Infection with helicobacter pylori, an acid loving bacteria in stomach
Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
Auto immune
Radiation

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NSAIDs

Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

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Acute gastritis signs

Mucosal and sub mucosal lymphocytes infiltrated with pockets of polymorph nuclear cells (neutrophils)
Edema water + vaculated epithelium+ lymphocytes
Mild mucosal defects

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Inflammation types and differences

Acute» short term/ immense pain treated/healing after

Chronic»long term/active inflammation damage and healing within

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Cell in chronic

Lymphocyte+ monocyte+ giant multinucleated cell

Cells in acute

Neutrophils

Complex reaction to deal with offensive agent to neutralise its effects, minimise spread and erdicate

Inflammation

Acute suppurative inflammation
Components
Cause
Example

Pus» living and dead bacteria+ toxins+ liquified necrotic tissue+ leucocytes+ pus cells+ macrophages+ RBCs

Pyogenic microorganisms» staphylococus aureus

Appendicitis

Chronic non specific cholecystitis

Gall bladder
Partially ulcerated mucosa
Fibrosis of wall
Endarteritis obliterans.
Diffuse chronic inflammatory cellular infiltrate ( lymphocytes- plasma- macrophages)

Shortest VS largest part of small intestine

Duodenum
Ileum(peyers patches/ lymph nodules)

Mucosa of small intestine

Digest and absorb
Microvilli and villi

Goblet cells to produce mucus

Intestinal glands(crypts od lieberkuhn) mucosa at villi base

Brunner glands

Duodenal glands mucous at sub mucosa

Gall bladder duct

Cystic

Liver duct

Hepatic

Bile duct?

Cystic+ hepatic

Common hepatic duct?

Right+ left

Pancreas duct

Pancreatic

Hepatopancreatic

Bile+ pancreatic

Liver function

Bile production to emulsify fats Detoxification hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea Phagocytosis kupffer cells Synthesis albumin heparin globulins

Liver stages

Fatty>>steatohepatitis>>cirrhosis Black eye Fatigue Inflammation under eye

The cycle of blood to liver

In>> hepatic artery (O2 rich) Hepatic portal vein(nutrient rich small intestine) Out>> hepatic vein Hepatic duct(bile)

Gall baldder

Stores bile Too much bile= too much cholesterol= stones Stones block cystic duct, hepatic comma inability to detoxify

Pancreas

Mixed Endocrine(islands of langerhans) Exocrine(pancreatic acini, grape like shape)

Acini forms... Separated by ...

Lobules Septa

Large intestine

No microvilli Crypts glands

Function of large intestine

Converting chyme to feces 18-24 h movement 1500ml>> 150ml excreted feces Reabsorbs and secretes mucus

Feces contain

Water Epithelial tissue Cellulose

Mucus function Bacterial action

Protection(parasympathetic stimulation , increased goblet cell secretion) Gases from legumes and artificial sugars to sorbitol Produces vitamin K