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Histology > GIT > Flashcards

GIT Flashcards

1
Q

Layers

A

Mucosa (simple columnar epithelium)
Sub mucosa (CT)
Muscularis (smooth muscle)
Enteric plexus (nerves)
Serosa/ peritoneum (epithelium)

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2
Q

4 cells in mucosa of stomach

A

Parietal&raquo_space; HCl +intrinsic factor for B12 absorption
Chief» pepsinogen, peptic
Mucous» alkaline protective mucus
G cells» gastrin- somatostatin -histamine-serotonin

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3
Q

Hcl and i trinsic factor

A

Parietal/ oxyntic

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4
Q

Food enter lumen (first step)

A

CO2 enter parietal cell
Combines with H2O in presence of carbonic anhydrase enzyme forming
Carbonic acid
Which dissociates into
Bicarbonate ion and proton

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5
Q

Second step of HCl secretion

A

Proton pumped out into lumen and bicarbonate pumped out into interstitial space by bicarbonate chloride anti portal
Cl- gets into parietal cell and gets out by chloride channel meeting the proton in the lumen
Combines and forms HCl

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6
Q

Activation of pepsinogen

A

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen which is inactive
When it meets HCl in lumen it becomes pepsin that digests proteins

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7
Q

Proteins digested into…

A

Protease
Peptones

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8
Q

HCl is only present when ..

A

Food is in lumen

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9
Q

T/f HCl is formed inside parietal cells

A

False outside in lumen to prevent damage

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10
Q

Gastric juice pH and components

A

1-3.5
Salts /enzymes/HCl/ mucus/ H2O

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11
Q

Inflammation in stomach lining

A

Gastritis

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12
Q

Symptoms of gastritis

A

Heartburn
Upper abdominal pain
Nausea

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13
Q

Gastritis causes

A

Infection with helicobacter pylori, an acid loving bacteria in stomach
Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs
Auto immune
Radiation

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14
Q

NSAIDs

A

Non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

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15
Q

Acute gastritis signs

A

Mucosal and sub mucosal lymphocytes infiltrated with pockets of polymorph nuclear cells (neutrophils)
Edema water + vaculated epithelium+ lymphocytes
Mild mucosal defects

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16
Q

Inflammation types and differences

A

Acute» short term/ immense pain treated/healing after

Chronic»long term/active inflammation damage and healing within

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17
Q

Cell in chronic

A

Lymphocyte+ monocyte+ giant multinucleated cell

18
Q

Cells in acute

A

Neutrophils

19
Q

Complex reaction to deal with offensive agent to neutralise its effects, minimise spread and erdicate

A

Inflammation

20
Q

Acute suppurative inflammation
Components
Cause
Example

A

Pus» living and dead bacteria+ toxins+ liquified necrotic tissue+ leucocytes+ pus cells+ macrophages+ RBCs

Pyogenic microorganisms» staphylococus aureus

Appendicitis

21
Q

Chronic non specific cholecystitis

A

Gall bladder
Partially ulcerated mucosa
Fibrosis of wall
Endarteritis obliterans.
Diffuse chronic inflammatory cellular infiltrate ( lymphocytes- plasma- macrophages)

22
Q

Shortest VS largest part of small intestine

A

Duodenum
Ileum(peyers patches/ lymph nodules)

23
Q

Mucosa of small intestine

A

Digest and absorb
Microvilli and villi

Goblet cells to produce mucus

Intestinal glands(crypts od lieberkuhn) mucosa at villi base

24
Q

Brunner glands

A

Duodenal glands mucous at sub mucosa

25
Q

Gall bladder duct

A

Cystic

26
Q

Liver duct

A

Hepatic

27
Q

Bile duct?

A

Cystic+ hepatic

28
Q

Common hepatic duct?

A

Right+ left

29
Q

Pancreas duct

A

Pancreatic

30
Q

Hepatopancreatic

A

Bile+ pancreatic

31
Q

Liver function

A

Bile production to emulsify fats
Detoxification hepatocytes convert ammonia to urea
Phagocytosis kupffer cells
Synthesis albumin heparin globulins

32
Q

Liver stages

A

Fatty»steatohepatitis»cirrhosis
Black eye
Fatigue
Inflammation under eye

33
Q

The cycle of blood to liver

A

In» hepatic artery (O2 rich)
Hepatic portal vein(nutrient rich small intestine)

Out» hepatic vein
Hepatic duct(bile)

34
Q

Gall baldder

A

Stores bile
Too much bile= too much cholesterol= stones
Stones block cystic duct, hepatic comma inability to detoxify

35
Q

Pancreas

A

Mixed
Endocrine(islands of langerhans)
Exocrine(pancreatic acini, grape like shape)

36
Q

Acini forms… Separated by …

A

Lobules
Septa

37
Q

Large intestine

A

No microvilli
Crypts glands

38
Q

Function of large intestine

A

Converting chyme to feces
18-24 h movement
1500ml» 150ml excreted feces
Reabsorbs and secretes mucus

39
Q

Feces contain

A

Water
Epithelial tissue
Cellulose

40
Q

Mucus function
Bacterial action

A

Protection(parasympathetic stimulation , increased goblet cell secretion)
Gases from legumes and artificial sugars to sorbitol
Produces vitamin K

Histology (19 decks)

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