GI Tract Organs II

Question 1

The dudodenojejunal junction is defined by what structure?

Answer 1

the ligament of treitz

Question 2

Where in the abdominal cavity is the jejunum located?

Answer 2

mostly the left upper quadrant and somewhat periumbilical

Question 3

Where in the abomdinal cavity is the ileum located?

Answer 3

mostly in the lower right quadrant and somewhat hypogastric

Question 4

The root of the mesentery runs from where to where?

Answer 4

just left of L2 to the right sacroiliac joint in the lower abdominal cavity

Question 5

How does the wall thickness of the jejunum compare to that of the ileum?

Answer 5

the jejunum is much thicker

Question 6

How do the vasa recta and arcades of the jejunum compare to those of the ileum?

Answer 6

the vasa recta of the jejunum are longer while the arcades are fewer and larger

Question 7

What are the folds that protrude into the lumen of the small intestine called?

Answer 7

circular folds/plicae circulares

Question 8

How do the plicae circulares of the jejunum compare to those of the ileum?

Answer 8

those in the jejunum are taller, larger, and more closely packed together

Question 9

Which portion of the small intestine, the jejunum or ileum, appears speckled on contrast imaging?

Answer 9

the jejunum

Question 10

The jejunum and ileum are supplied by what major branch off the aorta?

Answer 10

the SMA

Question 11

The jejunum and ileum are supplied by what sympathetic nerve?

Answer 11

the less splanchnic nerve

Question 12

The less splanchnic nerves have what effect on digestion and motility in the small intestine?

Answer 12

they slow digestion and motility

Question 13

The less splanchnic nerve originates at what vertebral level?

Answer 13

T10

Question 14

What is Meckel’s diverticulum?

Answer 14

a common congenital anomaly of the gut due to a remnant vitelline duct

Question 15

Meckel’s diverticulum is due to a remnant what?

Answer 15

vitelline duct

Question 16

Meckel’s diverticulum may contain what ectopic tissues?

Answer 16

pancreatic and stomach mucosa

Question 17

What is the rule of 2’s for Meckel’s diverticulum?

Answer 17

seen in 2% of the population, usually 2 inches long, and usually 2 feet proximal from the ileocecal junction

Question 18

Inflammed Meckel’s diverticulum presents in what fashion?

Answer 18

with pain similar to appendicitis

Question 19

What is ileus?

Answer 19

a group of small bowel motility disorders that mimic obstruction without actual mechanical obstruction

Question 20

What is the most common type of ileus?

Answer 20

paralytic ileus

Question 21

Paralytic ileus is most commonly due to what?

Answer 21

surgery

Question 22

What are the symptoms of paralytic ileus?

Answer 22

• post-operative
• fluid/gas distention
• hypoactive bowel sounds
• nausea
• malaise
• mild pain
• vomiting

Question 23

What is intussusception?

Answer 23

when a part of the intestine has invaginated into another section of intestine

Question 24

Intussusceptions are most common in which age group?

Answer 24

those below the age of five

Question 25

What is the intussusceptum and the intussuscipiens?

Answer 25

the susceptum is the part that prolapses into the intussuscipiens

Question 26

A bull's eye or target appearance on US is indicative of what GI disorder?

Answer 26

intussusception

Question 27

What are the symptoms of intussusception?

Answer 27

similar to those seen in a bowel obstruction with sudden pain coming and going every 15 to 20 minutes

Question 28

Small intestine pain refers where?

Answer 28

periumbilical due to innervation by the less splanchnic nerve residing at T10

Question 29

The ascending colon meets the transverse colon at what point?

Answer 29

the right colic/hepatic flexure

Question 30

What is the left colic flexure called?

Answer 30

the splenic flexure

Question 31

What do we call the small, fatty omentum-like projections off the colon?

Answer 31

omental appendices

Question 32

What are the longitudinal muscle bands of the colon called?

Answer 32

taenia coli

Question 33

What are haustra?

Answer 33

saccular protrusions between transverse folds of the colon

Question 34

What are the folds that divide haustra called?

Answer 34

semilunar folds

Question 35

What acronym describes the unique anatomical characteristics of the large intestine?

Answer 35

- omental epiploic appendices - taeniae - haustra - semilunar folds - OETHS

Question 36

Is the cecum intra or retroperitoneal?

Answer 36

intraperitoneal

Question 37

the ileocecal junction forms what papilla?

Answer 37

the ileal

Question 38

What is the actual name of the appendix?

Answer 38

Vermiform appendix

Question 39

The cecum is defined by what structure?

Answer 39

the ileal papilla

Question 40

What parts of the colon are intraperitoneal?

Answer 40

- cecum - transverse colon - sigmoid colon

Question 41

The transverse mesocolon runs along what?

Answer 41

the inferior edge of the pancreas

Question 42

The rectum begins at what vertebral level?

Answer 42

S3

Question 43

Is the rectum intra or retroperitoneal?

Answer 43

retroperitoneal

Question 44

What line divides the superior anal canal from the inferior anal canal?

Answer 44

the pectinate line

Question 45

The wall of the anal canal has what two features?

Answer 45

anal columns and anal sinuses

Question 46

The anal canal is defined by what?

Answer 46

the length of the anal columns and sinuses

Question 47

What is the anal valve?

Answer 47

the edge that joins the distal ends of anal columns together

Question 48

The anal columns end distally at what structure?

Answer 48

the anal valve

Question 49

How does the arterial supply differ above and below the pectinate line?

Answer 49

- IMA above | - internal iliac artery below

Question 50

How does the venous drainage differ above and below the pectinate line?

Answer 50

- hepatic portal vein above | - IVC below

Question 51

How does the innervation differ above and below the pectinate line?

Answer 51

- visceral above | - somatic below

Question 52

At what point in the hindgut does the epithelium change?

Answer 52

the pectinate line

Question 53

Describe the epithelium above and below the pectinate line?

Answer 53

- simple columnar above | - keratinized squamous below

Question 54

What is a volvulus?

Answer 54

a loop of bowel and mesentery abnormally twisted on itself

Question 55

What is the most common type of volvulus?

Answer 55

sigmoid

Question 56

Which population is most affected by sigmoid volvulus?

Answer 56

middle aged men

Question 57

What is cryptitis?

Answer 57

inflammation of the anal sinuses

Question 58

What is an anal fistula?

Answer 58

a channel that connects the anal canal to a perianal abscess

Question 59

Where does puss accumulate in those with an anal fissure?

Answer 59

in the ischioanal fossa

Question 60

What is the ischioanal fossa?

Answer 60

an area of pus collection in those with anal fissures

Question 61

What is an internal v. an external hemorrhoid?

Answer 61

internal are those above the pectinate line

Question 62

What is an internal hemorrhoid?

Answer 62

a painless prolapse of rectal mucosa

Question 63

What is an external hemorrhoid?

Answer 63

a painful prolapse of tissue below the pectinate line

Question 64

What is diverticulitis?

Answer 64

infection of a diverticulosis

Question 65

What is a diverticulosis?

Answer 65

an external evagination of colon mucosa, typically in the sigmoid colon

Question 66

What is an ileostomy?

Answer 66

a surgery used to establish an opening between the ileum and skin

Question 67

What is a colostomy?

Answer 67

a surgery used to establish an opening between the colon and skin

Question 68

What recommendation is made for colonoscopies as a screening procedure?

Answer 68

everyone should have one at age 50, typically done every five years thereafter

Question 69

What is the most common cause of lower GI bleeding?

Answer 69

diverticulum