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GI Anatomy > Abdominal Wall and Cavity > Flashcards

Abdominal Wall and Cavity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inferior border of the abdominal cavity?

A

the pelvic outlet

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2
Q

What is the superior border of the abdominal cavity?

A

the diaphragm

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3
Q

The inguinal ligament connects what two structures?

A

the anterior superior iliac spine and the pubic tubercule

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4
Q

What is the iliac crest?

A

the superolateral margin of the greater pelvis

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5
Q

What is the lower segment of the sterum called?

A

the xiphoid process

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6
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

a fibrous structure that runs down the midline of the abdominal wall

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7
Q

What is the semilunar line?

A

a tendenous intersection on either side of the rectus abdominis

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8
Q

What vertebral level does the transumbilical plane lie at?

A

a horizontal plane between the level of L3/L4

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9
Q

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus?

A

L3/L4

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10
Q

The abdomen is divided into four quadrants by what two planes?

A

the median plane and transumbilical planes create what clinical tool?

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11
Q

The abdomen can be divided into 9 regions using what vertical planes?

A

either the semilunar lines or midclavicular planes

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12
Q

What two horizontal lines can be used to divide the abdomen into 9 regions?

A

transpyloric plane with transtubercular plane

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13
Q

The interspinous plane intersects what structure?

A

the anterior superior iliac spine

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14
Q

Where is the transtubercular plane?

A

line that passes through the iliac tubercles

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15
Q

The transpyloric plane sits at what vertebral level?

A

L1

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16
Q

The semilunar line serves as the lateral border to what muscle group?

A

the rectus abdominus muscle

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17
Q

The lateral abdominal wall has what three muscle layers?

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transversus abdominus
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18
Q

The superficial fascia that lies on the abdominal wall can be divided into what two portions?

A
  • Camper (fat)

- Scarpa (membranous)

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19
Q

Where is Scarpa’s fascia found?

A

halfway between the umbilicus and pubic crest and down

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20
Q

The external oblique muscles originate from where?

A

the external surfaces of ribs 5-12

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21
Q

Which lateral abdominal wall muscles run superior-lateral to inferior-medial?

A

the external oblique muscle

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22
Q

The rectus abdominis sheath is formed by what structures?

A

the aponeurosis of the lateral wall muscles

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23
Q

The inguinal ligament is formed by what?

A

the inferior edge of the external oblique muscle aponeurosis

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24
Q

The internal oblique muscle runs in which direction?

A
  • inferior-lateral to superior-medial in the superior region

- almost perfectly lateral-medial in the middle and inferior region

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25
Q

How do the external and internal oblique muscles work together?

A

the contralateral external and internal muscles work to bring one’s shoulder toward the opposite hip

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26
Q

In which direction do the transverse abdominis muscles run?

A

horizontally

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27
Q

The rectus abdominis muscles originate from whree?

A

the pubic symphysis and pubic tubercle

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28
Q

The rectus abominis muscles are used to perform what primary function?

A

bring the thorax toward the pelvis

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29
Q

The thoracic artery gives rise to what vessels in the abdominal wall?

A

a few superior epigastric arteries

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30
Q

Inferior epigastric arteries arise from what major artery?

A

the external iliac artery

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31
Q

What is the arcuate line?

A

the line formed by all three lateral muscle aponeuroses moving anterior to the rectus abdominis

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32
Q

What layers of tissue do you need to go through when positioned over a superior rectus abdominis muscle?

A
  • superficial fascia
  • rectus sheath
  • rectus muscle
  • rectus sheath
  • transversalis fascia
  • extraperitoneal fat
  • parietal peritoneum
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33
Q

The inguinal canal is formed by what?

A

the descending of testis or the round ligament of the uterus

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34
Q

The external oblique muscle aponeurosis gives rise to what inguinal ring?

A

the superficial

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35
Q

What is the conjoint tendon?

A

combination of the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles which forms the anterior wall of the medial inguinal ring

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36
Q

Where is the deep ring of the inguinal canal located?

A

lateral to the inferior epigastric artery and vein

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37
Q

The superficial inguinal ring is bordered by what structures?

A

the medial and lateral crus as well as intercrural fibers

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38
Q

What are the inguinal canal contents in males?

A

spermatic cord

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39
Q

What are the inguinal canal contents in females?

A

round ligament of uterus

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40
Q

What nerves run in the inguinal canal?

A
  • ilioinguinal (sensory)

- genital branch of genitofemoral nerve (motor)

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41
Q

What are the two types of inguinal hernia?

A

direct and indirect

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42
Q

Which type of inguinal hernia is congenital?

A

an indirect hernia

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43
Q

How do direct and indirect inguinal hernias differ?

A

indirect hernias pass through the deep inguinal ring while direct hernias do not

44
Q

Direct inguinal hernias enter the inguinal canal through what structure?

A

Hesselbach’s triangle

45
Q

Women are most at risk for what type of hernia?

A

groin hernia between the ages of 60 and 75

46
Q

Caput medusa is dilation of what blood vessels?

A

superficial veins that are anastomosed with deep veins

47
Q

The internal thoracic artery gives rise to what superficial abdominal artery?

A

superior epigastric

48
Q

Where do superior epigastric arteries run?

A

inside the rectus sheath, behind the rectus abdominus

49
Q

Superficial arteries that branch off the aorta run where?

A

between the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscles

50
Q

Inferior epigastric arteries branch off what larger arteries?

A

external iliac and femoral arteries

51
Q

The aorta bifurcates into what two arteries?

A

the right and left common iliac arteries

52
Q

The femoral artery has what origin?

A

the external iliac artery

53
Q

What are the thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

the distal portion of intercostal nerves T7-T11

54
Q

The thoracoabominal nerves innervate what structures?

A
  • T7-T9 serve the epigastrium
  • T10 serves the umbilical region
  • T11 serves the upper hypogastric region
55
Q

What is the subcostal nerve?

A

T12 nerve that runs beneath the last rib

56
Q

The upper hypogastric region is innervated by what nerve?

A

the T11 thoracoabdominal nerve

57
Q

The middle hypogastric region is innervated by what nerve?

A

the subcostal nerve (T12)

58
Q

The genital area and thigh are innervated by what superficial nerve?

A

the ilioinguinal (L1) nerve

59
Q

The ilioinguinal nerve has what vertebral origin and serves what structures?

A
  • L1

- the genital area and thigh

60
Q

What is the neurovascular plane?

A

the nerves and vessels running between the internal oblique and transverse abdominal muscle

61
Q

Why does the loss of one dermatome not result in anesthesia, but in hypothesia?

A

because the dermatomes overlap

62
Q

The umbilical vein gives rise to what adult structure?

A

the round ligament of the liver

63
Q

The round ligament of the liver is found where?

A

as part of the falciform ligament

64
Q

What three folds are found below the umbilicus on the internal surface of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

the median umbilical fold, the medial umbilical fold, the lateral umbilical fold

65
Q

The median umbilical fold is raised by the ____.

A

obliterated urachus

66
Q

The medial umbilical fold is raised by the ____.

A

obliterated umbilical arteries

67
Q

The lateral umbilical fold is raised by the ____.

A

inferior epigastric arteries

68
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is closer to the exterior?

A

the parietal

69
Q

Which peritoneum senses pain in a well localized manner?

A

the parietal peritoneum because it is served by the nerves in the region it is adjacent to

70
Q

The visceral peritoneum is served by the blood, lymph, and nerves of what ___.

A

the organ it covers

71
Q

Which is more sensitive, the parietal or visceral peritoneum?

A

the parietal

72
Q

The visceral peritoneum is only sensitive to what sensations?

A

stretch and chemical irritation

73
Q

The peritoneum is formed by a layer of what kind of cells?

A

squamous epithelial cells

74
Q

What is the mesothelium?

A

the epithelium that lines the peritoneal cavity

75
Q

What embryonic cavity becomes the peritoneum?

A

the intraembryonic coleum

76
Q

The peritoneum has what embryonic tissue origin?

A

mesoderm

77
Q

Which gender has a peritoneal cavity that is not completely sealed?

A

females

78
Q

Peritoneal folds are typically found on what surface?

A

on the anterior abdominal wall

79
Q

What is a mesentery?

A

a double layered peritoneum connecting intraperitoneal organs with the abdominal wall

80
Q

What are the three major mesenteries?

A
  • the mesentery (small intestine)
  • transverse mesocolon
  • sigmoid mesocolon
81
Q

The greater omentum connects what structures?

A

the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon

82
Q

The lesser comentum connects what structures?

A

the lesser curvature of the stomach and duodenum to the liver

83
Q

What are the functions of the greater omentum?

A
  • store excess calories
  • cushion against trauma
  • insulate against heat loss
84
Q

The lesser omentum has what two divisions?

A

the hepatogastric ligament and the hepatoduodenal ligament

85
Q

The portal triad runs into the liver within what CT?

A

the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum

86
Q

What ligament runs between the stomach and spleen?

A

gastrosplenic

87
Q

What ligament runs between the stomach and transverse colon?

A

the gastrocolic ligament

88
Q

The stomach and transverse colon are connected by what two structures?

A

the greater omentum and gastrocolic ligament

89
Q

What ligament runs between the spleen and kidney?

A

splenorenal

90
Q

What ligament runs between the diaphragm and colic flexure?

A

the phrenicocolic ligament

91
Q

On which side of the body is the phrenicocolic ligament?

A

the left

92
Q

When standing, what two peritoneal recesses will fluid collect in?

A
  • rectouterine pouch in females

- rectovesicle pouch in males

93
Q

What peritoneal recesses will fluid collect in while someone is lying supine?

A

the hepatorenal pouch

94
Q

What is the hepatorenal pouch?

A

the peritoneal recesses most inferior when lying supine

95
Q

Where are the paracolic gutters?

A

to the right of the ascending colon and left of the descending colon

96
Q

The peritoneal cavity is divided into what two compartments?

A

the lesser and greater sac

97
Q

What is the lesser sac?

A

the space posterior to the lesser omentum and sotmach

98
Q

What are the two comparements of the greater sac?

A

the supracolic and infracolic

99
Q

What structure divides the greater sac?

A

the transverse colon

100
Q

What structure connects the space of the lesser and greater sacs?

A

the omental foramen

101
Q

What is the omental foramen?

A

space created behind the hepatoduodenal ligament that connects the lesser and greater sacs of the peritoneum

102
Q

The lesser sac is also known as the what?

A

omental bursa

103
Q

Describe the pathway of fluid spread inside the peritoneal cavity from the omental bursa

A
  • lesser sac
  • hepatorenal recess
  • right paracolic gutter
  • rectouterine or rectovesicle pouch
104
Q

What are the signs of peritonitis?

A
  • fever
  • guarding
  • gas under diaphragm
  • no bowel sounds
105
Q

Peritoneal dialysis can be used to help patients suffering from what?

A

renal failure

106
Q

Peritoneal adhesions are caused by what?

A

the healing process of the periotenum which leaves fibrous/scar tissue

GI Anatomy (6 decks)

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