GI Tract Organs I Flashcards
The small intestine has what three segments?
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
What are the segments of the large intestine?
- cecum
- ascending colon
- transverse colon
- descending colon
- sigmoid colon
- rectum
- anal canal
Where is the boundary between foregut and midgut?
distal to the duodenal papilla in the second portion of the duodenum
Where is the boundary between midgut and hindgut?
the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon is hindgut
The midgut gives rise to which accessory organs?
none
At what vertebral level is the esophageal hiatus?
T10
What are the three esophageal constrictions?
- cervical
- thoracic
- diaphragmatic
What is the cervical esophageal constriction due to?
the cricopharyngeus muscle
What is the thoracic esophageal constriction due to?
the aortic arch and left main bronchus
At what vertebral level is the esophagogastric junction?
T10
The Z-line marks the transition between what two GI segments?
the esophageal mucosa to the gastric mucosa
The esophagus empties into what part of the stomach?
the cardia
What is pyrosis?
heartburn
The veins supplying the lower esophagus empty into where?
the azygos vein system and to the hepatic portal vein
Esophageal varices arise due to what physiologic changes?
portal hypertension blocks venous drainage into the portal vein, increasing flow into the azygous system
What defines the boundary between the fundus and the body of the stomach?
the cardial notch
How can you differentiate the pyloric canal from the pyloric antrum?
the canal is quite muscular
The transpyloric plane rests at what vertebral level?
L1
What are the muscular layers of the stomach?
- inner oblique
- middle circular
- external longitudinal
The ridges inside the stomach are called what?
gastric folds
Is the stomach intra or retroperitoneal?
intraperitoneal
What are the three major abdominal arteries off the aorta?
- celiac trunk
- superior mesenteric artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
What branch off the aorta serves the stomach and greater omentum?
the celiac trunk
The celiac trunk gives off what two branches?
- common hepatic artery
- splenic artery
The common hepatic artery gives off what two stomach-supplying arteries?
the right gastric artery and the right gastro-omental artery
The splenic artery gives off what two stomach-supplying arteries?
the left gastric artery and the left gastro-omental artery
The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by what arteries?
the right and left gastric arteries
The greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by what arteries?
the left and right gastro-omental arteries
What is the short gastric artery?
a branch off the splenic artery that supplies the fundus
The fundus of the stomach is supplied by what artery?
the short gastric artery
The veins of the stomach drain where?
primarily into the portal vein
Through what route does the stomach blood supply drain into the azygos system?
via the left gastric vein which communicates with the esophageal plexus
Parasympathetic innervation of the stomach comes from where?
the vagus nerve
Sympathetic innervation of the stomach comes from where?
the greater splanchnic nerve
The greater splanchnic nerve comes from what vertebral levels?
T5-T9
What is a hiatal hernia?
protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus
What are the two types of hiatal hernia?
- sliding
- paraesophageal
What is the difference between a sliding and paraesophageal hernia?
- paraesophageal: cardia remains in normal position, fundus is herniated
- sliding: esophagus, cardia, fundus all herniate
What are the symptoms of a hiatal hernia?
- heartburn
- difficulty swallowing
- nausea/vomiting
- worse after meals or when lying flat
What is pylorospasm?
spasmodic contraction of the pylorus that results in food remaining in the stomach, causing overfilling and vomiting
Referred pain from the stomach goes where?
the epigastric region since is its innervated from the greater splanchnic nerve (T7-T8)
What are the divisions of the duodenum? What vertebral level does each pass through?
- superior (L1)
- descending (L2)
- horizontal (L3)
- ascending (L3-L2)
The hepatoduodenal ligament connects to what part of the duodenum?
the duodenal bulb
Is the duodenum intra or retroperitoneal?
- superior portion is intraperitoneal
- other three portions are retroperitoneal
What is the ampulla of vater?
the hepatopancreatic ampulla found before the sphincter of Oddi
What is the major duodenal papilla?
the inside opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla
The horizontal duodenum is posterior to what structures?
- SMA/SMV
- the mesentery
The ascending duodenum is suspended by what structure?
the ligament of treitz
What structure marks the end of the duodenum?
the ligament of treitz
The ligament of treitz originates from where?
the diaphragm
What two ducts enter into the Ampulla of Vater?
the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct
The first parts of the duodenum are supplied by what major branch off the aorta?
the celiac trunk
Describe the flow of blood from the aorta to the first part of the duodenum?
- celiac trunk
- common hepatic
- gastroduodenal
- anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
What arteries actually supply the foregut portions of the duodenum?
the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
Where is a peptic ulcer located?
in the duodenum
Peptic ulcers are most likely to erode into what artery?
the gastroduodenal artery
Where are most peptic ulcers located within the duodenum?
the posterior wall of the superior duodenum, within 3 cm of the pylorus
Where does duodenal pain refer?
- lower epigastric and umbilical
- upper right shoulder
When will duodenal pain refer to the upper right shoulder?
when the diaphragm is irritated
