GI Tract Organs I

Question 1

The small intestine has what three segments?

Answer 1

• duodenum
• jejunum
• ileum

Question 2

What are the segments of the large intestine?

Answer 2

• cecum
• ascending colon
• transverse colon
• descending colon
• sigmoid colon
• rectum
• anal canal

Question 3

Where is the boundary between foregut and midgut?

Answer 3

distal to the duodenal papilla in the second portion of the duodenum

Question 4

Where is the boundary between midgut and hindgut?

Answer 4

the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon is hindgut

Question 5

The midgut gives rise to which accessory organs?

Answer 5

none

Question 6

At what vertebral level is the esophageal hiatus?

Answer 6

T10

Question 7

What are the three esophageal constrictions?

Answer 7

• cervical
• thoracic
• diaphragmatic

Question 8

What is the cervical esophageal constriction due to?

Answer 8

the cricopharyngeus muscle

Question 9

What is the thoracic esophageal constriction due to?

Answer 9

the aortic arch and left main bronchus

Question 10

At what vertebral level is the esophagogastric junction?

Answer 10

T10

Question 11

The Z-line marks the transition between what two GI segments?

Answer 11

the esophageal mucosa to the gastric mucosa

Question 12

The esophagus empties into what part of the stomach?

Answer 12

the cardia

Question 13

What is pyrosis?

Answer 13

heartburn

Question 14

The veins supplying the lower esophagus empty into where?

Answer 14

the azygos vein system and to the hepatic portal vein

Question 15

Esophageal varices arise due to what physiologic changes?

Answer 15

portal hypertension blocks venous drainage into the portal vein, increasing flow into the azygous system

Question 16

What defines the boundary between the fundus and the body of the stomach?

Answer 16

the cardial notch

Question 17

How can you differentiate the pyloric canal from the pyloric antrum?

Answer 17

the canal is quite muscular

Question 18

The transpyloric plane rests at what vertebral level?

Answer 18

L1

Question 19

What are the muscular layers of the stomach?

Answer 19

• inner oblique
• middle circular
• external longitudinal

Question 20

The ridges inside the stomach are called what?

Answer 20

gastric folds

Question 21

Is the stomach intra or retroperitoneal?

Answer 21

intraperitoneal

Question 22

What are the three major abdominal arteries off the aorta?

Answer 22

• celiac trunk
• superior mesenteric artery
• inferior mesenteric artery

Question 23

What branch off the aorta serves the stomach and greater omentum?

Answer 23

the celiac trunk

Question 24

The celiac trunk gives off what two branches?

Answer 24

• common hepatic artery

- splenic artery

Question 25

The common hepatic artery gives off what two stomach-supplying arteries?

Answer 25

the right gastric artery and the right gastro-omental artery

Question 26

The splenic artery gives off what two stomach-supplying arteries?

Answer 26

the left gastric artery and the left gastro-omental artery

Question 27

The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by what arteries?

Answer 27

the right and left gastric arteries

Question 28

The greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by what arteries?

Answer 28

the left and right gastro-omental arteries

Question 29

What is the short gastric artery?

Answer 29

a branch off the splenic artery that supplies the fundus

Question 30

The fundus of the stomach is supplied by what artery?

Answer 30

the short gastric artery

Question 31

The veins of the stomach drain where?

Answer 31

primarily into the portal vein

Question 32

Through what route does the stomach blood supply drain into the azygos system?

Answer 32

via the left gastric vein which communicates with the esophageal plexus

Question 33

Parasympathetic innervation of the stomach comes from where?

Answer 33

the vagus nerve

Question 34

Sympathetic innervation of the stomach comes from where?

Answer 34

the greater splanchnic nerve

Question 35

The greater splanchnic nerve comes from what vertebral levels?

Answer 35

T5-T9

Question 36

What is a hiatal hernia?

Answer 36

protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus

Question 37

What are the two types of hiatal hernia?

Answer 37

- sliding | - paraesophageal

Question 38

What is the difference between a sliding and paraesophageal hernia?

Answer 38

- paraesophageal: cardia remains in normal position, fundus is herniated - sliding: esophagus, cardia, fundus all herniate

Question 39

What are the symptoms of a hiatal hernia?

Answer 39

- heartburn - difficulty swallowing - nausea/vomiting - worse after meals or when lying flat

Question 40

What is pylorospasm?

Answer 40

spasmodic contraction of the pylorus that results in food remaining in the stomach, causing overfilling and vomiting

Question 41

Referred pain from the stomach goes where?

Answer 41

the epigastric region since is its innervated from the greater splanchnic nerve (T7-T8)

Question 42

What are the divisions of the duodenum? What vertebral level does each pass through?

Answer 42

- superior (L1) - descending (L2) - horizontal (L3) - ascending (L3-L2)

Question 43

The hepatoduodenal ligament connects to what part of the duodenum?

Answer 43

the duodenal bulb

Question 44

Is the duodenum intra or retroperitoneal?

Answer 44

- superior portion is intraperitoneal | - other three portions are retroperitoneal

Question 45

What is the ampulla of vater?

Answer 45

the hepatopancreatic ampulla found before the sphincter of Oddi

Question 46

What is the major duodenal papilla?

Answer 46

the inside opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 47

The horizontal duodenum is posterior to what structures?

Answer 47

- SMA/SMV | - the mesentery

Question 48

The ascending duodenum is suspended by what structure?

Answer 48

the ligament of treitz

Question 49

What structure marks the end of the duodenum?

Answer 49

the ligament of treitz

Question 50

The ligament of treitz originates from where?

Answer 50

the diaphragm

Question 51

What two ducts enter into the Ampulla of Vater?

Answer 51

the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

Question 52

The first parts of the duodenum are supplied by what major branch off the aorta?

Answer 52

the celiac trunk

Question 53

Describe the flow of blood from the aorta to the first part of the duodenum?

Answer 53

- celiac trunk - common hepatic - gastroduodenal - anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

Question 54

What arteries actually supply the foregut portions of the duodenum?

Answer 54

the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

Question 55

Where is a peptic ulcer located?

Answer 55

in the duodenum

Question 56

Peptic ulcers are most likely to erode into what artery?

Answer 56

the gastroduodenal artery

Question 57

Where are most peptic ulcers located within the duodenum?

Answer 57

the posterior wall of the superior duodenum, within 3 cm of the pylorus

Question 58

Where does duodenal pain refer?

Answer 58

- lower epigastric and umbilical | - upper right shoulder

Question 59

When will duodenal pain refer to the upper right shoulder?

Answer 59

when the diaphragm is irritated