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GI Anatomy > GI Tract Organs I > Flashcards

GI Tract Organs I Flashcards

1
Q

The small intestine has what three segments?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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2
Q

What are the segments of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
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3
Q

Where is the boundary between foregut and midgut?

A

distal to the duodenal papilla in the second portion of the duodenum

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4
Q

Where is the boundary between midgut and hindgut?

A

the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon is hindgut

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5
Q

The midgut gives rise to which accessory organs?

A

none

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6
Q

At what vertebral level is the esophageal hiatus?

A

T10

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7
Q

What are the three esophageal constrictions?

A
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • diaphragmatic
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8
Q

What is the cervical esophageal constriction due to?

A

the cricopharyngeus muscle

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9
Q

What is the thoracic esophageal constriction due to?

A

the aortic arch and left main bronchus

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10
Q

At what vertebral level is the esophagogastric junction?

A

T10

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11
Q

The Z-line marks the transition between what two GI segments?

A

the esophageal mucosa to the gastric mucosa

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12
Q

The esophagus empties into what part of the stomach?

A

the cardia

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13
Q

What is pyrosis?

A

heartburn

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14
Q

The veins supplying the lower esophagus empty into where?

A

the azygos vein system and to the hepatic portal vein

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15
Q

Esophageal varices arise due to what physiologic changes?

A

portal hypertension blocks venous drainage into the portal vein, increasing flow into the azygous system

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16
Q

What defines the boundary between the fundus and the body of the stomach?

A

the cardial notch

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17
Q

How can you differentiate the pyloric canal from the pyloric antrum?

A

the canal is quite muscular

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18
Q

The transpyloric plane rests at what vertebral level?

A

L1

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19
Q

What are the muscular layers of the stomach?

A
  • inner oblique
  • middle circular
  • external longitudinal
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20
Q

The ridges inside the stomach are called what?

A

gastric folds

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21
Q

Is the stomach intra or retroperitoneal?

A

intraperitoneal

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22
Q

What are the three major abdominal arteries off the aorta?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • superior mesenteric artery
  • inferior mesenteric artery
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23
Q

What branch off the aorta serves the stomach and greater omentum?

A

the celiac trunk

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24
Q

The celiac trunk gives off what two branches?

A
  • common hepatic artery

- splenic artery

25
Q

The common hepatic artery gives off what two stomach-supplying arteries?

A

the right gastric artery and the right gastro-omental artery

26
Q

The splenic artery gives off what two stomach-supplying arteries?

A

the left gastric artery and the left gastro-omental artery

27
Q

The lesser curvature of the stomach is supplied by what arteries?

A

the right and left gastric arteries

28
Q

The greater curvature of the stomach is supplied by what arteries?

A

the left and right gastro-omental arteries

29
Q

What is the short gastric artery?

A

a branch off the splenic artery that supplies the fundus

30
Q

The fundus of the stomach is supplied by what artery?

A

the short gastric artery

31
Q

The veins of the stomach drain where?

A

primarily into the portal vein

32
Q

Through what route does the stomach blood supply drain into the azygos system?

A

via the left gastric vein which communicates with the esophageal plexus

33
Q

Parasympathetic innervation of the stomach comes from where?

A

the vagus nerve

34
Q

Sympathetic innervation of the stomach comes from where?

A

the greater splanchnic nerve

35
Q

The greater splanchnic nerve comes from what vertebral levels?

A

T5-T9

36
Q

What is a hiatal hernia?

A

protrusion of part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus

37
Q

What are the two types of hiatal hernia?

A
  • sliding

- paraesophageal

38
Q

What is the difference between a sliding and paraesophageal hernia?

A
  • paraesophageal: cardia remains in normal position, fundus is herniated
  • sliding: esophagus, cardia, fundus all herniate
39
Q

What are the symptoms of a hiatal hernia?

A
  • heartburn
  • difficulty swallowing
  • nausea/vomiting
  • worse after meals or when lying flat
40
Q

What is pylorospasm?

A

spasmodic contraction of the pylorus that results in food remaining in the stomach, causing overfilling and vomiting

41
Q

Referred pain from the stomach goes where?

A

the epigastric region since is its innervated from the greater splanchnic nerve (T7-T8)

42
Q

What are the divisions of the duodenum? What vertebral level does each pass through?

A
  • superior (L1)
  • descending (L2)
  • horizontal (L3)
  • ascending (L3-L2)
43
Q

The hepatoduodenal ligament connects to what part of the duodenum?

A

the duodenal bulb

44
Q

Is the duodenum intra or retroperitoneal?

A
  • superior portion is intraperitoneal

- other three portions are retroperitoneal

45
Q

What is the ampulla of vater?

A

the hepatopancreatic ampulla found before the sphincter of Oddi

46
Q

What is the major duodenal papilla?

A

the inside opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla

47
Q

The horizontal duodenum is posterior to what structures?

A
  • SMA/SMV

- the mesentery

48
Q

The ascending duodenum is suspended by what structure?

A

the ligament of treitz

49
Q

What structure marks the end of the duodenum?

A

the ligament of treitz

50
Q

The ligament of treitz originates from where?

A

the diaphragm

51
Q

What two ducts enter into the Ampulla of Vater?

A

the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

52
Q

The first parts of the duodenum are supplied by what major branch off the aorta?

A

the celiac trunk

53
Q

Describe the flow of blood from the aorta to the first part of the duodenum?

A
  • celiac trunk
  • common hepatic
  • gastroduodenal
  • anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
54
Q

What arteries actually supply the foregut portions of the duodenum?

A

the anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

55
Q

Where is a peptic ulcer located?

A

in the duodenum

56
Q

Peptic ulcers are most likely to erode into what artery?

A

the gastroduodenal artery

57
Q

Where are most peptic ulcers located within the duodenum?

A

the posterior wall of the superior duodenum, within 3 cm of the pylorus

58
Q

Where does duodenal pain refer?

A
  • lower epigastric and umbilical

- upper right shoulder

59
Q

When will duodenal pain refer to the upper right shoulder?

A

when the diaphragm is irritated

GI Anatomy (6 decks)

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