GI Tract

Question 1

what is the purpose of the esophagus?

Answer 1

transports food and liquid to the stomach

Question 2

what are the 3 abdominal membranes?

Answer 2

parietal peritoneum (lines abdominal wall), visceral peritoneum (covers intestinal organs), peritoneal cavity (potential space between containing peritoneal fluid)

Question 3

what is the mesentery?

Answer 3

tissue folds; vessels and nerves

Question 4

what is the greater omentum?

Answer 4

the “apron” inferior stomach to over organs

Question 5

where is the lesser omentum?

Answer 5

superior stomach to liver

Question 6

what is peristalsis?

Answer 6

alternate contraction and relaxation that moves digestive products through intestines

Question 7

how is the GI tract innervated?

Answer 7

digestion controlled by parasympathetic NS
- CN X (vagus) and ganglia in pelvic cavity increases activity of GI tract
sympathetic NS decreases activity of GI tract

Question 8

what takes place in the duodenum?

Answer 8

site of most enzymatic digestion

Question 9

what takes place in the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 9

site of most absorption

Question 10

what takes place in the large intestine?

Answer 10

site of most H2O absorption
absorbs/secretes electrolytes and makes feces

Question 11

parts of the large intestine?

Answer 11

teniae coli: 3 longitudinal muscle strips
haustra: sac-like pouches

Question 12

sphincters of the GI tract?

Answer 12

cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter, ileocecal sphincter, external and internal sphincters of the anus

Question 13

anal sphincters

Answer 13

internal sphincter - smooth muscle, involuntary
external sphincter - skeletal muscle, voluntary

Question 14

oral cavity structures

Answer 14

teeth/tongue, parotid glands, pharynx, esophagus

Question 15

what does the pancreas do?

Answer 15

secretes hormones (blood glucose regulation), bicarbonate and enzymes into duodenum

Question 16

types of cells in the pancreas

Answer 16

acinar cells: make enzymes
islet cells: 2 types
- beta cells make hormone insulin
- alpha cells make hormone glucagon

Question 17

what do hepatocytes do?

Answer 17

make bile, process fats, detoxify blood, store glycogen

Question 18

two distinct blood supplies to the liver

Answer 18

1. Hepatic portal vein
2. hepatic artery: from aorta
   central veins: to vena cava

Question 19

what does the gallbladder do?

Answer 19

concentrates and stores bile

Question 20

what is the function of pancreatic enzymes?

Answer 20

breaks down proteins

Question 21

biliary apparatus

Answer 21

food enters stomach, gallbladder releases bile into cystic duct to common bile duct to duodenum

Question 22

what are the muscles of the esophagus?

Answer 22

skeletal and smooth muscle

Question 23

where is the esophagus located?

Answer 23

posterior to trachea

Question 24

where is the pyloric sphincter?

Answer 24

entrance to duodenum