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cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

functions of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • delivers O2 and nutrients to tissues
  • removes CO2 and waste from tissues
  • senses and regulates blood pressure and blood volume
  • transports hormones
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2
Q

what is systemic circulation dependent on?

A
  1. blood volume pumped by heart
  2. blood fraction allocated to the organ
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3
Q

how is blood flow determined?

A

by pressure gradients

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4
Q

what does blood flow depend on?

A

vessel resistance (R) and pressure gradient (delta P)

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5
Q

what determines resistance?

A

vessel radius

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6
Q

what is blood flow?

A

volume passing through a tub per minute

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7
Q

what is velocity?

A

rate of passage

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8
Q

why is there resistance in blood vessels?

A

smaller diameter=more resistance=decreased blood flow

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9
Q

how do myocardial cells and skeletal muscle cells compare?

A

myocardial cells have intercalated discs, are smaller branched cells, and are controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

how are myocardial cells and skeletal cells similar?

A

striated, highly vascularized, mitochondrially rich

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11
Q

what are intercalated disks?

A

mechanical and electrical coupling between cardiac muscle cells

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12
Q

what are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

pacemaker and contractile cells

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13
Q

what do pacemaker cells do?

A

spontaneously generate action potentials in the sinoatrial node

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14
Q

what do contractile cells do?

A

produce contractile force and receive action potentials from pacemaker cells through gap junctions

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15
Q

what is the role of the sinoatrial node?

A

heart pacemaker

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16
Q

what is a characteristic of sinoatrial cells?

A

faster rate of spontaneous depolarization

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17
Q

what is the role of the atrioventricular node?

A

slows depolarization so ventricle will contract AFTER atria

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18
Q

how do sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes connect?

A

conduction fibers

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19
Q

what is the bundle of His?

A

fibers transmit impulse from atrioventricular node to ventricle

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20
Q

what is pacemaker potential?

A

when pacemaker potential reaches threshold, cell generates action potential

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21
Q

what are funny channels and what do they do?

A
  • allow Na+ and K+ to cross plasma membrane
  • funny channels open AFTER cell repolarization
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22
Q

what is occurring during slow depolarization?

A
  • funny channels are open
  • voltage gated K+ channels are closed
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23
Q

what is occurring during rapid depolarization?

A
  • funny channels close
  • L-type Ca2+ channels open
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24
Q

what is occurring during repolarization?

A
  • ligand Ca2+ channels close
  • voltage gated K+ channels open
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25
how do contractile cells prevent tetany?
long refractory period
26
what is systole?
contraction
27
what is diastole?
relaxation
28
what are the cardiac cycle phases?
- ventricular filling (diastole) - atrial contraction (systole) - isovolumetric contraction (systole) - ventricular ejection (systole) - isovolumic ventricular relaxation
29
what is end systolic volume?
blood left in ventricles after contraction
30
what is end diastolic volume?
blood in ventricles before contraction
31
what is stroke volume?
blood volume ejected during ventricular contraction
32
how is cardiac output determined?
CO = heart rate X stroke volume
33
how is stroke volume determined?
SV = EDV-ESV
34
what is the intrinsic heartrate?
100 bpm
35
what is the importance of parasympathetic stimulation?
- hyperpolarizes membranes - slows depolarization - slows HR
36
what does sympathetic stimulation do?
- depolarizes pacemaker cells - increases pacemaker potential - increases action potential frequency - increases HR
37
how does sympathetic NS innervate cardiac cells?
through epinepherine
38
what do catecholamines do?
modulate contraction
39
what is contractility?
capacity of cardiac muscle to produce force
40
how does sympathetic activity affect contractility?
increases contractility
41
what is preload?
the pressure of blood volume on the ventricle before contraction
42
what is starlings law?
increased muscle stretch = increased contraction force increased EDV = increased contraction force = increased stroke volume
43
how is EDV determined?
by end-diastolic pressure (preload)
44
what is the relationship between preload and cardiac muscle stretch?
larger preload = increased cardiac muscle stretch
45
relationship between preload and contractility?
leftward shift = increased sympathetic activity = increased contractility rightward shift = decreased sympathetic activity = decreased contractility
46
what determines preload/EDV
venous return and filling time
47
what determines venous return?
1. muscular pump 2. respiratory pump 3. veins: sympathetic innervation
48
what is afterload?
pressure that ventricle must overcome to eject blood into arteries
49
what is afterload dependent on?
arterial pressure
50
what are elastic arteries?
pressure reservoirs that maintain blood flow during ventricular relaxation (diastole)
51
what are arterioles?
change peripheral resistance to regulate blood flow
52
what are systematic veins?
expandable volume reservoirs
53
what occurs during ventricular contraction?
aorta's elastic walls expand and store the pressure
54
what occurs during ventricular relaxation?
elastic recoil send blood forward into the rest of the body
55
how is mean arterial pressure calculated?
systolic pressure+2(diastolic pressure) divided by 3
56
what determines MAP?
1. blood volume into the aorta as a result of cardiac output 2. blood leaving the aorta due to total peripheral resistance
57
what do baroreceptors detect?
blood pressure changes
58
where are baroreceptors found?
aorta and carotid arteries
59
what happens when baroreceptors detect a change?
signals brainstem cardiovascular centers which activates autonomic nervous system to return the body to homeostasis
60
what is a result of vasoconstriction?
increased sympathetic activity, increased O2 and blood flow, decreased CO2
61
what is a result of vasodilation?
decreased sympathetic activity, decreased O2 and blood flow, increased CO2
62
what is vasodilation?
vessels stretch due to increased pressure
63
what is vasoconstriction?
smooth muscle contracts in response to stretch
64
what happens when alpha-adrenergic receptors are activated?
vasoconstriction
65
what happens when B2-adrenergic receptors are activated?
vasodilation
66
what does the baroreceptor reflex do?
regulates blood pressure
67
how does the body respond to changes in blood volume?
decreased blood volume = increased blood pressure = increased heart rate = water retention
68
what happens when blood accumulates in lower limbs?
decreased venous return, decreased EDV, decreased SV, and decreased MAP
69
what is the result of a drug that partially blocks funny channels?
longer interval between APs
70
what is the result of increased levels of extracellular K+
gradient would switch directionality
71
what direction does blood flow?
left to right
72
what response is activated when blood pressure is too low?
baroreceptors target sympathetic to constrict vessels, increasing heartrate
73
what response is activated when blood pressure is too high?
baroreceptors target parasympathetic response to dilate vessels and decrease heart rate

Anatomy (6 decks)

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