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ABD/SMALL PARTS II > GI Tract > Flashcards

GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

the digestive tract is also known as the

A

alimentary tract

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2
Q

the alimentary tract runs from the

A

mouth to the anus

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3
Q

name the 6 main components of the digestive tract

A 
mouth
pharynx 
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
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4
Q

the gastrointestinal tract is the part of the alimentary tract that is located

A

below the diaphragm

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5
Q

the gastrointestinal tract below the diaphragm includes

A

distal esophagus to anus

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6
Q

wave like sequential contraction of the muscles in the esophageal wall

A

peristalsis

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7
Q

what are the 3 parts of the stomach

A

fundus
body
pyloris

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8
Q

what are the 3 sections of the pyloris

A

antrum
pyloric canal
pyloric sphincter

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9
Q

thick folds of mucosal and submucosal layers of the stomach wall that disappear when the stomach is distended

A

rugae

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10
Q

what are the 3 segments of the small intestines

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

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11
Q

how many portions is the duodenum composed of

A

4

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12
Q

which portions of the duodenum are longitudinal

A

2nd and 4th

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13
Q

which portions of the duodenum are transverse

A

1st and 3rd

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14
Q

the ampulla of vater is located in which segment of the duodenum

A

descending (2nd)

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15
Q

large folds of mucous membrane that project into the lumen of the small intestine to slow the passage of food and further increase absorption

A

valvulae conniventes

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16
Q

what is shorter in length and larger in diameter than the small intestine

A

large intestine

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17
Q

segments of the large intestine

A

haustra

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18
Q

pouch like structure where the ileum joins the large intestine

A

cecum

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19
Q

narrow tube with a blind end that dangles from the cecum containing lymphatic tissue

A

appendix

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20
Q

list the 8 items that the large intestine consists of

A 
ascending colon
transverse colon
hepatic flexure
descending colon
splenic flexure
sigmoid colon
rectum
anal canal
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21
Q

the ascending and transverse large intestine is supplied by branches of the

A

SMA

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22
Q

the descending, sigmoid, and rectum are supplied by branches of the

A

interior mesenteric artery (IMA)

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23
Q

dilated inflamed branches of the rectal veins

A

hemorrhoids

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24
Q

how many layers of the bowel wall are there

A

5

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25
Q

which bowel wall layers are echogenic

A

off numbers

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26
Q

which layers are hypoechoic

A

even numbers

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27
Q

what 2 names for the sonographic pattern created by intestinal pathology

A

target or psuedokidney

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28
Q

what is the average total thickness of bowel wall if distended

A

3mm

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29
Q

what is the average thickness if the bowel is undistended

A

5mm

30
Q

bowel gas does what to the sound bean and produces dirty shadows

A

scatters

31
Q

any areas of special interest are evaluated with

A

compression sonography

32
Q

what is compression sonography

A

slow graded compression with the transducer is used to displace gas and compress loops of normal bowel

33
Q

list 6 ways to determine if a cystic LUQ mass is the stomach or not

A
  1. are there any bubbles
  2. nasogastric trube
  3. can we make it bigger
  4. does it change shape
  5. does the wall move
  6. is there a swirl effect
34
Q

what can be seen as a target shaped structure anterior to the aorta, posterior to the left lobe of the liver and inferior to the diaphragm in the sagittal plane

A

gastroesophageal junction

35
Q

what sign refers to the sonographic appearance of the valvulae conniventes as linear structures closely spaced along the wall of the duodenum and jejunum

A

keyboard

36
Q

the wall of the ileum should be

A

less than 3mm thick

37
Q

where is the appendix located

A

RLQ, near abdominal wall under McBurney’s Point

38
Q

how can mcburney’s point be located

A

drawing an imaginary line from right anteriosuperior iliac spine to the umbilicus

39
Q

what is a bezoar

A

mass of foreign material of food which can’t be digested

40
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of a polyp

A

echogenic or heterogeneous intraluminal mass attached to the bowel wall

41
Q

an open sore in the inner surface of the bowel wall caused by digestive acid eating into the gastric wall

A

peptic ulcer

42
Q

most common malignant tumor of the GI tract

A

gastric carcinoma

43
Q

name the 5 tumor presentations of gastric carcinoma

A
  1. ulcerated
  2. diffuse
  3. polypoid
  4. superficial
  5. a combination of any of the above
44
Q

what are the 6 symptoms associated with lymphoma

A
  1. intestinal blood loss
  2. anorexia
  3. nausea
  4. vomiting
  5. weight loss
  6. abdominal pain
45
Q

gastric cancer that arises from the muscle tissue

A

leiomyosarcoma

46
Q

what are the 3 most common sources for metastatic disease of the GI tract

A

melanoma
lung
breast

47
Q

where does metastatic disease of the bowel arise from

A

submucosal layer of the bowel wall

48
Q

what is the most common cause of acute abdomen presentation

A

acute appendicitis

49
Q

name the 4 sonographic criteria for diagnosing an inflammatory appendix

A
  1. non-compressive appendix
  2. 6mm diameter
  3. appendicolith
  4. color flow hyperemia may be observed
50
Q

what are 4 symptoms of acute appendicitis

A
  1. RLQ pain with rebound tenderness at mcburney’s point
  2. nausea/vomiting
  3. leukocytosis
  4. fever
51
Q

in children acute appendicitis can progress to perforation in as little as

A

6 to 12 hours

52
Q

calcification in the appendix, which is considered a positive diagnosis of appendicitis regardless of appendix diameter

A

appendolith

53
Q

rare accumulation of mucous within the appendix due to obstruction

A

mucocele

54
Q

what lab values may be elevated with mucocele

A
  1. elevated sedimentation rate
  2. leukocytosis
  3. may also see elevated CEA
55
Q

congenital anomaly present in approximately 2% of the population, characterized by a blind ended protrusion that arises from the posterior side of the ileum approx

A

meckel’s diverticulum

56
Q

an outpouching of the colon wall

A

diverticulum

57
Q

inflammation of the diverticulum of the colon

A

diverticulitis

58
Q

what are the symptoms associated with diverticulitis

A
  1. rectal bleeding
  2. bowel obstruction
  3. abdominal tenderness
59
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of diverticulitis

A

thickening of bowel wall greater than 4mm
abscess formation
inflamed diverticula

60
Q

chronic inflammatory disorder of the GI tract that usually involves the distal ileum and colon, but may involve the rest of the bowel

A

crohn’s disease

61
Q

what refers to bowel that is found to be diseased in a segment followed by a segment of normal bowel followed by another segment of diseased bowel

A

skip lesion

62
Q

refers to increased blood flow in areas of inflammation seen with color doppler

A

hyperemia

63
Q

what are two complications associated with crohn’s disease

A

abscess formation

fistula formation

64
Q

what are two complications associated with crohn’s disease

A

abscess formation

fistula formation

65
Q

what is the sonographic appearance of intussusception

A

concentric rings of bowel

66
Q

what are 3 other imaging methods that may be utilized to access crohns disease

A

transrectal
transperineal
transvaginal

67
Q

what type of bowel obstruction refers to actual physical obstruction that limits progression of content through the lumen of the bowel

A

mechanical

68
Q

what type of bowel obstruction refers to paralysis of the intestinal muscles which impedes motion of material through the bowel

A

functional

69
Q

name the symptoms of bowel obstruction

A
  1. abdominal distention
  2. pain
  3. vomiting
  4. hypotension
  5. leukocytosis
70
Q

should you always see peristalsis of the duodenum

A

yes

71
Q

What are the 3 types of bezoars

A

trichobezoar
phytobezoar
concretions

72
Q

what is the most common tumor of the stomach

A

leoimyoma

ABD/SMALL PARTS II (10 decks)

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