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S and F 2 > GI physiology > Flashcards

GI physiology Flashcards

1
Q

prehension

A

the act of moving food into the mouth

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2
Q

what directly controls prehension

A

CNS- facial nerve, glossopharyngeal and the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve

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3
Q

mastication

A

the first act of digestion (in the mouth eg- chewing)

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4
Q

what is the purpose of mastication

A

break down food particles to increase surface area for digestion, it moistens and lubricates food

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5
Q

3 main salivary glands in all animals

A

-parotid
-mandibular
-sublingual

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6
Q

salivary gland unique to dogs

A

zygomatic

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7
Q

what type of saliva comes from the zygomatic and sublingual glands

A

mucous

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8
Q

mucous saliva properties

A

thicker, important for binding food into a bolus

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9
Q

what type of saliva comes from the parotid gland

A

serous

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10
Q

properties of serous saliva

A

watery, contains amylase

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11
Q

what controls the salivary glands

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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12
Q

where do nerve fibres end in the salivary gland

A

the acini

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13
Q

mucins (glycoproteins) role in saliva

A

lubrication, mix with water to form mucous

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14
Q

HCO3- role in saliva

A

pH regulation, neutralisation

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15
Q

lysosomes and antibodies role in saliva

A

antibacterial, keep the amount of bacteria in check

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16
Q

how is starch digested

A

amylase

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17
Q

how is fat digested in young cows

A

lingual lipase

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18
Q

how does thermoregulation occur in canines and rodents

A

panting, spreading saliva (evaporative cooling)

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19
Q

how does urea get to the saliva

A

diffuses from the blood

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20
Q

why is ruminant saliva alkaline

A

necessary for neutralisation of fermentation products

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21
Q

deglutition

A

action/ process of swallowing

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22
Q

2 phases of deglutition

A

voluntary and involuntary

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23
Q

voluntary

A

chewed food is moulded into a bolus and moved to the pharynx

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24
Q

involuntary phase of deglutition

A

1) breathing stops momentarily
2) soft palate is elevated
3) tongue is pressed against the hard pallet
4) glottis is pulled under the epiglottis
5) when all openings into the pharynx are closed a wave of muscular contraction passes over the walls of the pharynx
6) the upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes

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25
Q

what controls the involuntary phase of deglutition

A

motor neurons- efferent nerve fibres travel in the facial, vagus, hypoglossal and glossopharyngeal nerves

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26
Q

3 layers within the tunica mucosa

A

epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae

27
Q

what type of muscle is found in dog, cow and sheep oesophagus

A

striated

28
Q

what type of muscle is found in horse, primates and cats oesophagus

A

smooth muscle

29
Q

what nerve innovates striated muscles

A

vagus nerve

30
Q

what innovates smooth muscle

A

ENS

31
Q

oesophagus during deglutination

A

oesophagus is relaxed but upper and lower sphincters are tightly constricted

32
Q

where does peristalsis occur

A

at all levels of the gut

33
Q

what is peristalsis

A

moving ring of constriction

34
Q

what are the three main tasks of the stomach

A
  • temporary food store
    -some degradation of protein and starch
    -hydrochloric acid kills bacteria in food
35
Q

what part of the stomach is the proximal stomach referring to

A

cardia and funds

36
Q

is contraction maintained when stomach is emptying

A

yes

37
Q

when do promiml stomach muscles relax

A

when animal eats regulated via vagus nerve

38
Q

what is the distal stomach relating to

A

pyloric region

39
Q

why does more active digestion occur in the distal stomach

A

stronger peristaltic contractions

40
Q

4 types of cells in pits in the stomach wall

A

1) mucin producing
2) parietal
3) chief
4) endocrine

41
Q

what type of epithelium lines the lumen of the stomach

A

simple columnar

42
Q

in which parts of the stomach are most of the gastrin juices produced

A

fundus and corpus (body of the stomach)

43
Q

what do glands in the cardia region of the stomach produce

A

mucus

44
Q

what do gastric juices mainly consist of

A

HCl and pepsinogen

45
Q

which gland secretes HCl

A

parietal

46
Q

what does HCl do to pepsinogen

A

transforms it to pepsin

47
Q

why does pepsinogen. only turn to pepsin with stomach HCl

A

pepsinogen is inactive, pepsin would degrade connective tissue and muscle

48
Q

how is HCl produced

A

H/K ATP-ase pump (provides H+)
HCO3-/Cl- pump (provides Cl-)

49
Q

what cells synthesise and store pepsinogen

A

chief cells

50
Q

what is the role of pepsin

A

degrades proteins to peptides

51
Q

what 3 substances exert stimulatory effects on regulating gastric secretions

A

ACH, Gastrin, Histamine

52
Q

what happens when gastrin is released into the blood

A

stimulates the secretion of HCl, pepsinogen and promotes gastrin motility

53
Q

what is the role of histamine

A

acts as a pancreatic hormone, stimulating HCl secretions

54
Q

what reflexes are stimulated by stomach expansion

A

vagal

55
Q

what organ inhibits secretion

A

signals from the duodenum

56
Q

what causes secretion to be inhibited

A

if pH falls too low
At the start of eating a meal HCl secretion is high but then the stomach is supplied with a buffer which decreases gastrin release

57
Q

why does food layer in the order we eat it in the order it was eaten in the proximal stomach

A

contractions here are weak

58
Q

factors affecting rate of stomach emptying

A

expansion of the stomach wall and gastrin

59
Q

what is optimal digesting

A

when the rate of the stomach emptying equals the capacity of intestines to digest food

60
Q

distension of the duodenum in affecting rate of stomach emptying

A

as duodenum fills the pyloric sphincter will close, slowing and eventually
stopping the transfer of chyme from the stomach to the intestine

61
Q

reduced pH in affecting rate of stomach emptying

A

If more acid is transferred to the duodenum than can be neutralised then intestinal enzymes cannot function

62
Q

what mediates the rate of stomach emptying

A

secreting, CCK and GIP

63
Q

what do young ruminate produce in the abomasum to aid milk digestion

A

rennin

S and F 2 (15 decks)

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