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Abdomen > GI motility > Flashcards

GI motility Flashcards

1
Q

Which phase of swallowing is voluntary?

A

Oral phase

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2
Q

What happens in the oral phase of swallowing?

A

The tongue separates a bolus of food from the mass of food in the mouth and then presses itself against the hard palate, tip first before posterior portions.

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3
Q

What happens in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?

A

(1) soft palate is pulled upward, palatopharyngeal folds move toward one another, and food is moved to the pharynx
(2) vocal cords are pulled together; larynx is moved forward and upward against epiglottis and help open UES,
(3) UES relaxes to receive bolus of food,
(4) superior constrictor muscles of the pharynx contract strongly to force bolus deeply into pharynx

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4
Q

What happens in the esophageal phase of swallowing?

A

The presence of the bolus that passes through the UES stimulates primary peristalsis. This initiates secondary peristalsis.

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5
Q

Stimulation of the pharynx via the swallowed bolus relaxes the LES. T/F

A

T

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6
Q

What is the main stimulant of primary peristalsis of the esophagus?

a. Retained food
b. Gastric acid
c. Swallowing
d. Burping

A

C

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7
Q

The ability of the stomach to accommodate food and fluid without significant increase in gastric pressure is known as

a. Emptying
b. Retropulsion
c. Transit
d. Receptive relaxation

A

D

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8
Q

Slow wave rate from highest to lowest is seen in:

a. Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
b. Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Stomach
c. Jejunum, Ileum, Stomach, Duodenum
d. Ileum, Stomach, Duodenum, Jejunum

A

C

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9
Q

What phase of fast Migratory Motor Complex (MMC) moves undigested food over long distances in the intestines?

a. I
b. II
c. III
d. IV

A

C

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10
Q

Which sphincter prevents reflux of chime from the duodenum to stomach?

a. UES
b. LES
c. Pyloric Sphincter
d. Sphincter of Oddi

A

C

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11
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitter plays a major role in the receptive relaxation of the stomach?

a. VIP
b. Motilin
c. Enkephalin
d. Gastrin

A

A

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12
Q

The major factor responsible for vomiting is:

a. Reflex relaxation of the LES
b. Decreased interthoracic pressure
c. Contractor of abdominal muscles
d. Diaphragmatic contraction

A

C

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13
Q

Migarting motor complex is most probably mediated by:

a. Motilin
b. Gastrin
c. Secretin
d. Nitric oxide

A

A

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14
Q

Which of the following isocaloric meals will stay in the stomach in the least amount of time?

a. Meal with rice and boiled fish
b. Meal with 2 oz beef tenderloin
c. Light meal of clear soup gelatin and sugar
d. Meal with pizza and French fries

A

C

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15
Q

Which functional layer of the GIT is concerned with propulsion?

a. Mucosa
b. Submucosa
c. Muscularis
d. Serosa

A

C

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16
Q

The storage function of the stomach is performed mainly by:

a. Fundus
b. Distal body
c. Antrum
d. Pylorus

A

A

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17
Q

Normally, the movement of the contents of the GIT is fastest along this segment:

a. Esophagus
b. Stomach
c. Small intestines
d. Colon

A

A

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18
Q

Which phase of swallowing is voluntary

a. Oral
b. Pharyngeal
c. Esophageal
d. Gastric

A

A

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19
Q

Swallowing is associated with esophageal peristalsis:

a. Tone
b. Retropulsion
c. Receptive relaxation
d. Enterogastric reflex

A

C

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20
Q

Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor of gastric emptying

a. Secretin
b. CCK
c. GIP
d. Motilin

A

B

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21
Q

Which of the following will make the GI smooth muscle is resting membrane potential more negative?

a. Sympathetic stimulation
b. Acetylcholine
c. Parasympathetic agents
d. Distension

A

A

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22
Q

The GI contents stay approx. 4 hours in the:

a. Esophagous
b. Stomach
c. Small intestines
d. Colon

A

C

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23
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the small intestines is provided by the

a. Celiac plexus
b. Vagus nerve
c. Sacral plexus
d. Pelvic nerve

A

B

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24
Q

What is the most potent stimulus for relaxation of Sphincter of Oddi and gall bladder contraction?

a. VIP
b. Bombesin
c. CCK
d. Gastrin

A

C

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25
Q

Which cells serve as GI pacemakers?

A

ICCs (interstitial cells of cajal)

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26
Q

At what phase of migratory motor complex does the gallbladder start to empty?

A. Phase I
B. Phase II
C. Phase III
D. Phase IV

A

B

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27
Q

Which part of the GI tract is very active during fasting?

A

Smal intestine

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28
Q

What food INCREASES LES pressure

a. Protein
b. Fat
c. Peppermint

A

a

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29
Q

Pace maker cells in the intestines occur mainly in the:

A. Colon
B. Ileum
C. Jejunum
D. Duodenum

A

D

30
Q

Pyloric sphincter is derived from?

A. Inner oblique muscles
B. Inner circular muscle
C. Outer oblique muscle
D. Plicae circulars

A

B

31
Q

The proximal compared to the distal stomach:

A. Exhibits receptive relaxation
B. Exhibits stringer peristalsis contraction
C. A and B
D. NOTA

A

A

32
Q

The muscular layer of the GIT is primarily responsible for?

A. Secretion
B. Absorption
C. Propulsion
D. Digestion

A

C

33
Q

Which of the following contracts most frequently?

A. Stomach
B. Duodenum
C. Ileum
D. Colon

A

B

34
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of slow waves?

A. Superimposed over spike potentials
B. Occur when resting membrane potential is -60mV
C. Determine frequency of muscle contraction
D. Slowest rate is in the duodenum

A

C

35
Q

Which of the following will increase gastric emptying?

A. Tryptophan
B. Gastrin
C. Duodenal acidity
D. High gastric lipid

A

B

36
Q

Cutting of extrinsic nerves to the esophageal sphincters will result to?

A. Abolish peristalsis of upper esophagus
B. Cause constriction of UES
C. Cause relaxation of LES
D. No effect on esophageal function

A

*

37
Q

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the UES?

A. It is made up of smooth muscle
B. It has a higher basal pressure than LES
C. It relaxes earlier than the LES
D. It is open during rest

A

B

38
Q

The storage function of the stomach is performed by the?

A. Fundus
B. Distal stomach
C. Antrum
D. Pylorus

A

A

39
Q

Which of the following sphincters is under voluntary control?

A. LES
B. Cardiac
C. EAS
D. Pyloric

A

C

40
Q

True regarding peristalsis EXCEPT:

A. Decrease in LES pressure
B. Decrease in UES pressure
C. Increase in esophageal pressure
D. Increase in fundal pressure

A

D

41
Q

Retching and vomiting involved the following responses EXCEPT:

A. Sympathetic stimulation
B. Stimulation of gastric motility
C. Relaxation of UES
D. Relaxation of LES

A

C

42
Q

Esophageal peristalsis is associated with gastric

A. receptive relaxation
B. retropulsion
C. enterogastric reflex
D. distension

A

A

43
Q

Which of the following phases is voluntary?

A. Oral
B. Pharyngeal
C. Esophageal
D. Gastric

A

A

44
Q

Which of the following statements describe the esophageal phase of swallowing?

A. It is voluntary
B. Food is aided by gravity
C. It is inhibited by anti-cholinergic drugs
D. It lasts for about 20 seconds

A

C

45
Q

Constriction of mixing waves begin in gastric _______.

A. fundus
B. cardia
C. midbody
D. antrum

A

C

46
Q

Which of these factors lower LES pressure?

A. Antacid
B. Bouibellin
C. Calcium blocker
D. Enkephalin

A

D

47
Q

Which of the following sphincters are voluntary?

A. external anal sphincter and pyloric
B. upper esophageal sphincter and pyloric
C. ileal sphincter and pyloric
D. external anal sphinter and upper esophageal sphincter

A

D

48
Q

Mixing contractions of the colon are

A. Tonus
B. Haustrations
C. Retropulsion
D. Retching

A

B

49
Q

Where is Murphy’s sign elicited?

A. RUQ
B. RLQ
C. LUQ
D. LLQ

A

A

50
Q

Which of the following GI segment has the longest transit time?

A. Esophagus
B. Stomach
C. Small Intestines
D. Colon

A

D

51
Q

Which of the following NTs in the enteric nervous system (ENS) is excitable to smooth muscle cells?

A. Nitric oxide (NO)
B. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
C. Acetylcholine
D. ATPase

A

C

52
Q

Which of the following NTs causes pyloric sphincter relaxation?

A. VIP
B. Gastrin
C. GIP
D. Secretin

A

A

53
Q

Duodenal activity causes inhibition of gastric emptying by releasing hormone:

A. GTP
B. CCK
C. Secretin
D. Somatostatin

A

C

54
Q

Which of the following organs has the lowest slow wave rate?

E. Esophagus
F. Stomach
G. Duodenum
H. Colon

A

G

55
Q

Parasympathetic supply to the descending colon is provided by:

A. Pelvic nerve
B. Superior hypogastric plexus
C. Inferior mesenteric plexus
D. Vagus nerve

A

A

56
Q

The emptying function of the stomach is performed mainly by:

A. Fundus
B. Distal body
C. Antrum
D. Pylorus

A

D

57
Q

Which of the following is an example of unitary type of smooth muscle

A. Iris muscle of the eye
B. Ciliary muscle of the eye
C. Piloerector muscle
D. Gastric smooth muscle

A

D

58
Q

Successful bowel movement is made possible by all of the following physiological responses EXCEPT:

A. Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter
B. Relaxation of the external anal sphincter
C. Contraction of longitudinal rectal muscle
D. Decrease in anorectal angle

A

D

59
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of Migratory motor complex (MMC)?

A. It is regulated by tachykinins
B. It starts either in the esophagus or colon
C. It is terminated by feeding
D. It consists of segmentation contractions only

A

D

60
Q

Reverse peristalsis normally occur during:

A. Migratory motor complex
B. Swallowing
C. Vomiting
D. Chewing

A

C

61
Q

Which of the following sphincters is under voluntary control?

A. Sphincter of Oddi
B. Pyloric sphincter
C. Upper esophageal sphincter
D. Internal anal sphincter

A

C

62
Q

Stimulation of mass movements after ingestion of a meal is called:

A. Ileal break
B. Rectoanal reflex
C. Enterogastric reflex
D. Gastrocolic reflex

A

D

63
Q

Which of the following isocaloric meals will be emptied third by the stomach?

a. High protein solid meal
b. High protein liquid meal
c. High fat solid diet
d. High fat liquid meal

A

A

64
Q

Which of the following reflexes stimulate GI motility?

a. Intestino-intestinal
b. Gastroileal
c. Enterogastric
d. Gastrogastric

A

B

65
Q

Which of the following drugs will be most effective in the treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflex Disease (GERD)?

a. Anticholinergics
b. Barbiturates
c. Proton pump inhibitor
d. Calcium blockers

A

C

66
Q

A patient with peptic ulcer disease develops gastric outlet obstruction. Which physical exam finding is associated with gastric outlet obstruction?

a. Borborygmi
b. Grey Turner’s sign
c. Succussion splash
d. Shifting dullness

A

C

67
Q

Which of the following physical examination findings is most likely to be abnormal?

a. Visible pulsations at the abdominal area
b. Protuberant abdomen
c. Palpable spleen
d. Palpable sigmoid colon

A

C

68
Q

Which sign of acute appendicitis is positive when patient feels RLQ pain with internal rotation of the flexed right hip?

a. Rovsing’s
b. Markle
c. Obturator
d. Psoas

A

C

69
Q

Which of the following sounds produced by percussion is CORRECTLY paired with the organ producing the sound?

a. Stomach: Bruit
b. Intestines: Resonance
c. Lungs: Tympany
d. Liver: Dullness

A

D

70
Q

Primary regulator of colonic function: endocrine, paracrine, neural

A

Neural pathways

Abdomen (20 decks)

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