GI DJ Flashcards
Where is Mucous cell found and it’s function?
Fundus. Produce protective mucous layer.
Where is ECL cell found and it’s function?
Fundus.
1) Produce histamine that stimulates parietal cells.
2) Histamine binds to H2 receptors on parietal cells, releases HCL.
Where is Parietal cells found and it’s function?
Fundus.
1) Produce HCL and intrinsic factor.
Where is Chief of cells found and it’s function?
Stomach
1) Secrete pepsinogen (zymogen) –
2) Stimulates lipolysis.
Where are D cells found, and it’s function?
Pylorus.
1) Produce somatostatin -> inhibits HCL/Histamine production.
2) Regulates the secretion of insulin and glucagon from the pancreas, helping to maintain stable blood sugar levels.
Where are G cells found, and it’s function? 1/2
Pylorus.
Secrete Gastrin
1) Binds to Parietal cells.
2) Enhances motility -> HCL production.
Where are I cells found, and it’s function?
Duodenum.
1) Secrete CCK - secretion of pancreatic enzymes: CCK lipase, proteases, and amylase
2) Contracts the gallbladder: releasing bile into the small intestine to help in the digestion and absorption of fats.
3) Inhibits gastric emptying: CCK slows down gastric emptying, which allows for a more gradual release of food into the small intestine and facilitates better digestion and absorption.
4) Reduces food intake: CCK acts as a satiety hormone
Where are M cells found, and it’s function?
Duodenum. Secrete motolin -> stimulates peristalsis and bile / pancreas secretion.
Where are S cells found, and it’s function?
duodenum
1) Releases secretin -> decrease HCL
and
2) promotes bicarbonate secretion from pancreas and bile.
Where are K cells found, and it’s function?
Duodenum.
1) Produce glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP).
2) GIP –>releases insulin from Pancreas , which helps to lower blood glucose levels.
3) Decrease gastric emptying.
Where are Enteroendocrine cells found, and it’s function?
Duodenum.
1) Produce glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP).
2) GIP –>releases insulin from Pancreas , which helps to lower blood glucose levels.
Where are Acinar cells found, and it’s function?
1)Pancreas (Exo).
2) Secrete digestive enzymes (salivary ducts/ pancreas)
Where are L cells found, and it’s function?
Iluem
1) GLP-1 plays a role in glucose homeostasis by stimulating insulin secretion from the pancreas, suppressing glucagon secretion, and delaying gastric emptying.
2) PYY acts as an appetite suppressant and regulates energy homeostasis by reducing food intake, and reducing fat storage. It also inhibits gastric motility and gastric acid secretion.
Where are GR cells found, and it’s function?
GR cells secrete Grehlin to make you hungry. Found in stomach.
Where are Delta cells found, and it’s function?
Islets of Langerhans.
Secrete the hormone somatostatin, inhibits insulin, glucagon, and gastrin.
Where are Duct cells found, and it’s function?
- Pancreas.
- Secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid.
Bicarb neutralizes chyme that enters duodenum so there is an optimal pH for the activation of digestive enzymes.
Flow of bile
Gall bladder-> Cystic duct -> common bile duct -> ampulla of vater -> duodenum
Where are Kupffer cells found and function?
Liver. Phagocytosis.
Where are Payer patches found and function?
Ileum. Immune system, protect against infections a (release IgA).
Flow of bile
Cystic duct -> common bile duct -> ampulla of vater ->S.o.O> duodenum
Liver function (5 points)
1.Bile production
2. Storage - glycogen
3. Detoxification
4. Nutrient synthesis - albumin and clotting factors
5. Phagocytosis - Kupffer cells
where is bile synthesized and by who
in the liver by hepatocytes and consists of bile salts, cholesterol, phospholipids, and bilirubin
stercobilin
gives poo dark colour
peyer’s patches (ileocaecal valve), which immunogoblin?
B cells which release IgA
Gastrocolic reflex
presence of food, contractions of the colon and an urge to defecate, mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system.
rest and digest baby
difficulty in swallowing both liquids and solids
motility condition
difficulty was initially with swallowing solids, and then started to occur also when having liquid;
mechanical obstruction.
Oesophageal Varices cause
Cause: Due to portal hypertension
Oesophageal Varices Management
Endoscopic variceal band ligation 1st line
Terlipressin (vasocactive)
Sengtaken- Blakemore
TIPSS
Mallory-Weiss tear
Tear of the tissue of the lower oesophagus
Mallory-Weiss tear who gets it
big boozers
Mallory-Weiss Diagnosis:
Upper GI endoscopy
GORD, why it happens
incompetent LOS/ Barrett’s oesophagus
Investigations GORD
Investigations: 1st line endoscopy,
barium swallow, oesophageal manometry, 24 hr pH monitoring
GORD management
Proton pump inhibitor – 1st line
H2-receptor antagonists – 2nd line
Barrett’s oesophagus cell change
Squamous to Columnar
achalasia
relaxation issue of the lower oesophageal sphincter
Achalasia, degenerative loss of ganglia from
Auerbach’s plexus
Investigations Achalia :
Oesophageal manometry (confirms) , on barium swallow (bird beak appearance)
Oesophageal cancer, upper and lower
Squamous cell carcinoma (upper/middle) ~ 90%
Adenocarcinoma (lower)
Gastric Cancer 2 things
h. pylori, Signet ring cells
Gastric Cancer risk factors
‘A’ blood type, smoking
Gastroparesis
Delayed gastric emptying (NOT DUE TO OBSTRUCTION)
Cause Gastroparesis,
- Idiopathic
- diabetes mellitus, medications e.g. opiates anticholinergics
features Gastroparesis
TOOTHLESS AGRESSION
BENWA
Clinical features:
Bloating
Early satiety
Nausea
Weight Loss
Abdominal Pain
Investigation:Gastroparesis
Investigation: Oesophageal Manometry
