GI Anatomy

Question 0

What provides the parasympathetic innervation for the foregut, midgut and hindgut?

Answer 0

F: vagus nerve.
M: vagus nerve.
H: pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2,3,4).

Question 1

What marks the separation between foregut and midgut?

Answer 1

The entrance of the bile duct at the major duodenal papilla.

Question 2

What provides the sympathetic innervation of the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

Answer 2

F: T5 - T9.
M: T10 - T12.
H: L1 - L3.

Question 3

What vessels supply the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

Answer 3

F: celiac trunk.
M: superior mesenteric artery.
H: inferior mesenteric artery.

Question 4

What are the 3 esophageal constrictions and at what approximate spinal level are they located?

Answer 4

(1) cervical (C6)
(2) thoracic (T4)
(3) diaphragmatic (T11)

Question 5

What portion of the esophagus contains skeletal muscle in the muscularis propia?

Answer 5

The upper 5% has skeletal muscle exclusively. The middle 45% has a mixture of skeletal and smooth.

Question 6

What volume of food can the stomach typically hold?

Answer 6

2-3 L.

Question 7

What are the glandular divisions of the stomach? The anatomy divisions?

Answer 7

Glandular: cardiac, fundus, pylorus.
Anatomic: cardiac, fundus, body, pylorus.

Question 8

What are the folds in the stomach called?

Answer 8

Rugae.

Question 9

What marks the squamo-columnar junction between the esophagus and stomach?

Answer 9

The Z line.

Question 10

What vessels branch from the celiac trunk?

Answer 10

(1) common hepatic artery.
(2) left gastric artery.
(3) splenic artery.

Question 11

What vessels supply the lesser curvature of the stomach? The greater curvature?

Answer 11

Lesser: left and right gastric arteries.
Greater: short gastric arteries and the left and right gastroepiploic arteries.

Question 12

Which portion of the gut tube has more than 2 layers in the muscularis propia?

Answer 12

The stomach, which has an innermost oblique layer.

Question 13

Which vessels supply the jejunum?

Answer 13

The simple arcades and the long vasa recta.

Question 14

Which vessels supply the ileum?

Answer 14

The complex arcades and the short vasa recta.

Question 15

What vessels supply the ascending colon?

Answer 15

The iliocolic and right colic arteries.

Question 16

What vessels supply the transverse colon?

Answer 16

The middle colic artery.

Question 17

What vessels supply the descending colon?

Answer 17

The left colic artery.

Question 18

What vessels supply the sigmoid colon?

Answer 18

The sigmoid arteries branching off of the left colic and superior rectal arteries.

Question 19

How are the longitudinal muscles of the large intestine arranged?

Answer 19

As 3 strips of muscle called teniae coli.

Question 20

What are the layers of hollow GI organs, from innermost to outer?

Answer 20

Surface epithelium, lamina propia, muscularis mucosae, submucosa, muscularis propia (2-3 layers), adventitia or serosa.

Question 21

What type of epithelium is found in the esophagus? What is its purpose?

Answer 21

The epithelium is stratified squamous. It’s role is largely just as a conduit for food; there is no absorption and no significant secretion.

Question 22

What type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

Answer 22

The epithelium is glandular. The purpose is secretory, exposing food to acid and proteolytic enzymes. There is no absorption.

Question 23

J: This term is used to describe mucosa that is acid-producing.

Answer 23

What is oxyntic?

Question 24

What parietal cells?

Answer 24

Cells within the gastric pits of the corpus, with pink cytoplasm on H&E. They produce hydrochloric acid.

Question 25

What are gastric chief cells?

Answer 25

A type of cell within gastric pits of the corpus. They secrete enzymes, like pepsinogen, gastric lipase, and rennin.

Question 26

Which cells secrete gastrin?

Answer 26

G cells in the antrum of the stomach.

Question 27

What are gastric foveolar cells?

Answer 27

Epithelial cells that secrete mucous.

Question 28

What epithelial cells predominate in the cardia of the stomach?

Answer 28

Foveolar cells.

Question 29

What are the effects of gastrin?

Answer 29

Directly and indirectly promotes acid secretion: (1) direct stimulation of parietal cells, (2) stimulation of enterochromaffin-like cells to release histamine, which also acts on parietal cells.

Question 30

What nerve plexuses are found throughout the GI tract?

Answer 30

The submucosal plexus and the myenteric plexus within the layers of muscularis propia.

Question 31

What types of cells predominate in the epithelium of the gastric antrum?

Answer 31

Foveolar cells and G cells.

Question 32

How is the surface area of the small intestines increased?

Answer 32

Through the formation of plicae, villi, crypts, and microvilli.

Question 33

What are lacteals?

Answer 33

They are lymphatic vessels within the lamina propia in the small intestine, involved in the absorption of dietary lipids.

Question 34

What are Paneth cells?

Answer 34

Epithelial cells in the crypts of the small intestine that are involved in the digestion and destruction of intestinal microorganisms.

Question 35

What are Brunner glands?

Answer 35

Glands found in the duodenum that produce a mucous-like secretion containing bicarbonate. They serve to protect against gastric acid and to activate digestive enzymes through alkalization.

Question 36

What is the function of the colon?

Answer 36

(1) Absorption of water, Na+, and Cl-.

(2) Secretion of mucus and bicarbonate.

Question 37

What stimulates goblet cells in the colon to secret mucus?

Answer 37

Tactile stimulation.

Question 38

What is MALT?

Answer 38

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue which can be found in the small and large intestine.

Question 39

What are M cells?

Answer 39

Mucosal epithelial cells in the intestines that absorb, transport, process and present antigens to subepithelial lymphoid cells.

Question 40

What antibodies are most frequently produced by B cells in Peyer’s patches?

Answer 40

IgA and IgM.