GI 1C- Salivation

Question 1

The principal salivary glands are _________, _________ and _________. In addition, there are several small buccal glands.

Answer 1

Parotid Submandibular Sublingual

Question 2

What are the normal ranges of daily salivary secretion?

Answer 2

800-1500 mL

Question 3

What are 3 important functions of saliva?

Answer 3

1. Lubrication and digestion of good 2. Enhance speech, taste & swallowing 3. Helps dissolve and wash out food particles from between teeth

Question 4

A patient who cannot produce saliva, known as _________, suffer from increased risk of caries and infections/inflammation

Answer 4

Xerostomia

Question 5

What are common causes of xerostomia?

Answer 5

1. Drugs 2. Disease (Sjogren’s syndrome, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, Parkinson’s) 3. Head/Neck trauma 4. Radiation therapy

Question 6

The basic unit of a salivary gland consists of what 3 things?

Answer 6

Acinus, intercalated duct and striated duct

Question 7

The ________ is comprised of a central lumen surrounded by pyramidal-shaped cells.

Answer 7

Acinus

Question 8

Each acinus and intercalated ducts are surrounded by a layer of ____________ cells. When stimulated by neural input, these cells contract to eject saliva into the mouth

Answer 8

Myoepithelial

Question 9

3 classifications of acini:

Answer 9

serous, mucous, mixed

Question 10

Name the type of acinar for the parotid, submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary glands?

Answer 10

serous, mixed, mucous, mucous

Question 11

A serous saliva is _________ while a mucous saliva is ________ and more ________.

Answer 11

watery; thicker and more viscous

Question 12

What percentage of saliva is contributed by the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands?

Answer 12

25, 71, 3-4

Question 13

What are the names of the ducts for the parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands?

Answer 13

Parotid: Stensen’s duct Submandibular: Wharton’s duct Sublingual: Ducts of Rivinus (10 small ducts)

Question 14

How is the Ducts of Rivinus different than the Stensen’s and Wharton’s ducts?

Answer 14

It is not a single dominant duct, but rather 10 small ducts that exit on at the floor of the mouth

Question 15

Saliva is composed of ___ % water and ___ % electrolytes & protein.

Answer 15

99%; 0.5%

Question 16

What are the 3 most important salivary proteins and their functions?

Answer 16

Salivary (alpha)-amylase: begins carbohydrate digestion Lingual lipase: begins digestion of lipids in stomach Mucins: mix with water to become mucus to lubricate food.

Question 17

Salivary (alpha)-amylase hydrolyzes INTERNAL _____ linkages. It does not cleave TERMINAL _____ or _____ linkages.

Answer 17

(alpha) 1,4; (alpha) 1,4 or (alpha) 1,6

Question 18

3 specialized constituents of saliva have antibacterial actions: _________ attacks bacterial cell walls. _________ chelates Fe, preventing multiplication of organisms that require it for growth. _________ is active against certain viruses and bacteria.

Answer 18

Lysozyme; Lactoferrin; IgA

Question 19

What are the benefits of a normal oral cavity flora?

Answer 19

1. Prevent colonization of pathogens by competing for attachments sites & essential nutrients 2. Antagonize other bacteria through production of substances that inhibit or kill non-idigenous species 3. Stimulate the production of cross-reactive antibodies ( induce antibody-mediated response)

Question 20

What are the common bacterial species of the normal oral cavity flora?

Answer 20

streptococci, lactobacilli, staphylococci, corynebacteria & bacteroides

Question 21

Saliva also contains ______ _______ (particularly HCO3) that can neutralize acids created by bacteria and dental plaque. This acid can cause tooth _______. Saliva also contains minerals, _____ and _____ that help the tooth remineralization process to occur

Answer 21

buffering agents; demineralization/decay; Ca & P

Question 22

Plaque pH falls when carbohydrates are consumed. It can drop to 5.5 when within 5-10 minutes which leads to demineralization & tooth decay. What does saliva do to combat this? How does fluoride help?

Answer 22

Neutralizes acids and helps repair enamel by replacing the lost minerals (remineralization); fluoride enhances saliva’s role in the remineralization process.

Question 23

Salivary secretion is under ______ control

Answer 23

neural

Question 24

The continuous, spontaneous secretion of saliva, even in the absence of apparent stimuli, is due to constant low-;eve; stimulation by the ___________ nerve endings. This basal secretion is important in keeping the mouth and pharynx ______ at all times.

Answer 24

parasympathetic; moist

Question 25

Describe a salivary reflex.

Answer 25

Touch/taste of food causes chemoreceptors/pressure receptors to send impulses via afferent neurons to salivary center in medulla. Efferent CN VII & CN IX neurons of PNS stimulate salivary glands to secrete larger amounts of saliva

Question 26

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation _________ salivary secretion

Answer 26

increase

Question 27

Parasympathetic stimulation causes the release of what type of saliva?

Answer 27

Abundant flow of watery saliva rich in enzymes, K+ and HCO3

Question 28

Sympathetic stimulation causes the release of what type of saliva?

Answer 28

Small volume of thick saliva rich in mucus. The mouth feels drier which is consistent with an SNS dominant response to stressful situations.

Question 29

__________ and other ___________ _______ agents reduce salivary secretion.

Answer 29

Atropine & cholinergic blocking

Question 30

Salivary secretion is easily ________ as shown in ________ original experiments. In humans, sight, smell and thoughts of food causes salivary secretion.

Answer 30

conditioned; Pavlov’s

Question 31

What type of acini are depicted in this image? What gland would this most likely be found?

Answer 31

Serous; Parotid

Question 32

What acini is depicted in this image? In what gland would it most likely be found?

Answer 32

Mucous; Sublingual

Question 33

What acini is depicted in this image? In what gland would it most likely be found?

Answer 33

Mixed (mostly serous but some mucous); Submandibular