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Anatomy > GI > Flashcards

GI Flashcards

1
Q

describe types of movement in the small intestine

A

During peristalsis, the longitudinal muscles within the small intestine wall contract, and then the circular muscles contract, pushing the food down the tract. This coordinated contraction of smooth muscle keeps food moving on its one-way path through your digestive system.

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2
Q

define absorption

A

Absorption is the act of taking up or in by specific chemical or molecular action; especially the passage of liquids or other substances through a surface of the body into body fluids and tissues, as in the absorption of the end products of digestion into the villi that line the intestine.

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3
Q

by what routes do absorbed nutrients reach the liver?

A

Oxygenated blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery. Nutrient-rich blood flows into the liver from the intestines through the hepatic portal vein.

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4
Q

what are the principle regions of the large intestine?

A

In mammals, the colon consists of six sections: the cecum plus the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum. Sections of the colon are: The ascending colon including the cecum and appendix. The transverse colon including the colic flexures and transverse mesocolon.

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5
Q

What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter?

A

The lower esophageal sphincter is a bundle of muscles at the low end of the esophagus, where it meets the stomach. When the LES is closed, it prevents acid and stomach contents from traveling backwards from the stomach.

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6
Q

How are the epithelium of the esophagus and stomach adapted to the function of each specific organ?

A

Esophagus = stratified squamous cells: protection against abrasion, wear and tear (Protect and Transport)

Stomach = secretory cell columns: secrete fluids such as acids and enzymes (Digest)

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7
Q

what makes up the portal triad?

A

Bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

Associated with the liver

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8
Q

what are the functions of the liver?

A

filter blood coming from the digestive tract; detoxify chemicals and metabolize drugs; secrete bile

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9
Q

You are assessing a new patient via direct access in Charlotte, NC (In the state of NC, one can see a PT without a pcp referral). The patient states he was lifting furniture yesterday and felt pain in his left groin/abdomen. He is now unable to lift without pain. He is also painful when asked to stand and cough and has a medium sized protuberance just above the inguinal ligament. No lumbar or hip tests provoke his pain. The PT refers the patient to his PCP. What would you suspect?

A

indirect hernia

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10
Q

Dr Corcoran is treating a 23yo female post rotator cuff repair. The patient states she doesn’t feel well and has chills. She has pain around her bellybutton. Dr Corcoran asses all of the quadrants of the abdomen and finds her patient is tender at about 1/3rd the distance from the R ASIS to the navel.

What is this area called?

Which condition does this potentially indicate?

Why?

A

McBurney’s point
Appendicitis
This is the approximate location of the base of the appendix as it attaches to the cecum

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11
Q

If the left 9th and 10th ribs are fractured, which organ is at risk?

A

spleen

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12
Q

name 3 things in the mouth that aid in digestion

A

saliva, teeth, tongue

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13
Q

saliva contains _______ that aid in breaking down food

A

enzymes

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14
Q

the epiglottis is part of which section of the pharynx?

A

oropharynx

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15
Q

the junction between esophageal and stomach tissue is called the ________-line?

A

Z-line

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16
Q

the esophageal aperture is located at what vertebral level?

A

T10-11

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17
Q

the voluntary phase of swallowing occurs as the bolus is pushed into what structure?

A

pharynx

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18
Q

what motor nerve innervates the tongue?

A

CN XII Hypoglossal

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19
Q

what is pyrosis, a common type of esophageal discomfort?

A

heart burn

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20
Q

what allows food to pass through the esophagus?

A

gravity and peristalsis

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21
Q

name 2 salivary glands

A

parotid & submandibular

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22
Q

the parotid duct penetrates through which muscle of the face?

A

buccinator

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23
Q

touching this structure produces a gag reflex

A

uvula

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24
Q

name the three parts of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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25
Q

other than the breakdown of food, what is another function of saliva?

A

protect teeth; assist in the transport of food

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26
Q

the pyloric sphincter controls the movement of chyme from the stomach into the

A

duodenum (small intestine)

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27
Q

true or false: digestion only occurs in the stomach

A

false

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28
Q

what forms the shorter concave border of the stomach?

A

lesser curvature

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29
Q

what protects the stomach from “eating itself”?

A

continuous mucosal layer

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30
Q

what is a protrusion of a part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

hiatial hernia

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31
Q

where dies stomach caner frequently occur?

A

pyloric region

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32
Q

which quadrant contains a majority of the stomach?

A

left upper quadrant

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33
Q

what is the term associated with propulsion of food

A

peristalsis

34
Q

what are the folds that allow for expansions of the stomach?

A

rugae

35
Q

the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum is the

A

pyloric sphincter

36
Q

the tail of the pancreas is in close proximity to the hilum of what other organ?

A

spleen

37
Q

the pancreatic duct connects the common bile duct which empties into what?

A

duodenum

38
Q

what are the four parts of the pancreas?

A

body, tail, head, pancreatic duct

39
Q

which kidney does the tail of the pancreas lie anterior to?

A

left kidney

40
Q

in chronic pancreatitis, most of the pancreas is removed by what procedure?

A

pancreatectomy

41
Q

the pancreas is responsible for which two endocrine secretions?

A

insulin & glucagon

42
Q

what major artery is located directly behind pancreas?

A

abdominal aorta

43
Q

insulin is responsible for what?

A

breakdown of glucose

44
Q

what are the functions of the spleen?

A 
Mechanical filtration of the blood
Helps fight infections
Production of opsonins, properdin, tuftsin
Creation of red blood cells
Storage of platelets
45
Q

what organ takes over for the spleen, if the spleen can’t do their job?

A

liver

46
Q

which quadrant is the spleen located?

A

LUQ

47
Q

what is the largest lymphatic organ in the body?

A

spleen

48
Q

is the spleen located inferior, superior, anterior, or posterior to the kidney?

A

superior

49
Q

which artery provides blood to the spleen?

A

splenic artery

50
Q

what makes up the portal triad of the liver?

A

bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

51
Q

what is the largest organ and gland in the body?

A

liver

52
Q

name the 4 lobes of the liver

A

right, left, quadrate, caudate

53
Q

excessive alcohol use can lead to what fatal condition

A

cirrhosis

54
Q

where does the liver receive its blood supply?

A

75% portal veins

25% hepatic artery

55
Q

name the major functions of the liver

A

Storage and detox
Filters
Stores glycogen
Secretes bile:

56
Q

the function of bile is what?

A

break down fat

57
Q

function of the portal veins is what

A

carry food substances to the liver for processing

58
Q

what are the functions of the kidney?

A

Remove excess water, salts and wastes of protein metabolism from the blood while returning nutrients and chemicals to the blood.
Carry waste products from the blood into the urine

59
Q

in location to the kidney, where is the adrenal gland located?

A

superior

60
Q

which two hormones does the adrenal gland produce?

A

epinephrine

norepinephrine

61
Q

what is the word commonly used to describe the location of the kidney in the body?

A

retroperitoneal

62
Q

the appendix is located on the inferior aspect of what part of the large intestine?

A

cecum

63
Q

true or false: the rectum is just a storage area, no absorption occurs here

A

true

64
Q

what is absorbed in the large intestine?

A

water

65
Q

what is the first part of the large intestine?

A

cecum

66
Q

what is the surgical removal of the appendix called?

A

appendectomy

67
Q

what could be a cause of appendicitis?

A

hyperplasia of lymphatic follicles
feacalith
thrombosis in appendicular artery

68
Q

what are the parts of the colon?

A

cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

69
Q

vermiform appendix is the full name for the appendix. what does vermiform mean?

A

wormlike

70
Q

what is the noticeable by-product of digestion?

A

gas

71
Q

the sigmoid colon is named for its ___ shape

A

S

72
Q

small pouches, usually in sigmoid colon, that bulge outward from the colon and become inflamed are called

A

diverticulitis

73
Q

what structures form the superior and inferior borders of the abdominopelvic region?

A

superior border–diaphragm

inferior border–pelvic floor

74
Q

the _____ produces bile, while the ___________ stores bile.

A

liver, gallbladder

75
Q

the levator ani is a group of 3 muscles in the pelvic floor–are they the most superior muscles or the most inferior muscles in the pelvic floor?

A

most inferior

76
Q

halfway between the umbilicus and the right ASIS is _____________. this is where palpation causes pain with appendicitis.

A

McBurney’s Point

77
Q

what is the large flap of fatty tissue that covers that covers the anterior portion of the gut called?

A

greater omentum

78
Q

what is the main function of the kidney?

A

filtration

79
Q

in relation to the kidney, where is the adrenal gland located?

A

superior

80
Q

which two hormones does the adrenal glad produce?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

81
Q

what is the word commonly used to describe the location of the kidney in the body?

A

retroperitoneal

Anatomy (16 decks)

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