GI

Question 1

describe types of movement in the small intestine

Answer 1

During peristalsis, the longitudinal muscles within the small intestine wall contract, and then the circular muscles contract, pushing the food down the tract. This coordinated contraction of smooth muscle keeps food moving on its one-way path through your digestive system.

Question 2

define absorption

Answer 2

Absorption is the act of taking up or in by specific chemical or molecular action; especially the passage of liquids or other substances through a surface of the body into body fluids and tissues, as in the absorption of the end products of digestion into the villi that line the intestine.

Question 3

by what routes do absorbed nutrients reach the liver?

Answer 3

Oxygenated blood flows into the liver through the hepatic artery. Nutrient-rich blood flows into the liver from the intestines through the hepatic portal vein.

Question 4

what are the principle regions of the large intestine?

Answer 4

In mammals, the colon consists of six sections: the cecum plus the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon, and the rectum. Sections of the colon are: The ascending colon including the cecum and appendix. The transverse colon including the colic flexures and transverse mesocolon.

Question 5

What is the role of the lower esophageal sphincter?

Answer 5

The lower esophageal sphincter is a bundle of muscles at the low end of the esophagus, where it meets the stomach. When the LES is closed, it prevents acid and stomach contents from traveling backwards from the stomach.

Question 6

How are the epithelium of the esophagus and stomach adapted to the function of each specific organ?

Answer 6

Esophagus = stratified squamous cells: protection against abrasion, wear and tear (Protect and Transport)

Stomach = secretory cell columns: secrete fluids such as acids and enzymes (Digest)

Question 7

what makes up the portal triad?

Answer 7

Bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

Associated with the liver

Question 8

what are the functions of the liver?

Answer 8

filter blood coming from the digestive tract; detoxify chemicals and metabolize drugs; secrete bile

Question 9

You are assessing a new patient via direct access in Charlotte, NC (In the state of NC, one can see a PT without a pcp referral). The patient states he was lifting furniture yesterday and felt pain in his left groin/abdomen. He is now unable to lift without pain. He is also painful when asked to stand and cough and has a medium sized protuberance just above the inguinal ligament. No lumbar or hip tests provoke his pain. The PT refers the patient to his PCP. What would you suspect?

Answer 9

indirect hernia

Question 10

Dr Corcoran is treating a 23yo female post rotator cuff repair. The patient states she doesn’t feel well and has chills. She has pain around her bellybutton. Dr Corcoran asses all of the quadrants of the abdomen and finds her patient is tender at about 1/3rd the distance from the R ASIS to the navel.

What is this area called?

Which condition does this potentially indicate?

Why?

Answer 10

McBurney’s point
Appendicitis
This is the approximate location of the base of the appendix as it attaches to the cecum

Question 11

If the left 9th and 10th ribs are fractured, which organ is at risk?

Answer 11

spleen

Question 12

name 3 things in the mouth that aid in digestion

Answer 12

saliva, teeth, tongue

Question 13

saliva contains _______ that aid in breaking down food

Answer 13

enzymes

Question 14

the epiglottis is part of which section of the pharynx?

Answer 14

oropharynx

Question 15

the junction between esophageal and stomach tissue is called the ________-line?

Answer 15

Z-line

Question 16

the esophageal aperture is located at what vertebral level?

Answer 16

T10-11

Question 17

the voluntary phase of swallowing occurs as the bolus is pushed into what structure?

Answer 17

pharynx

Question 18

what motor nerve innervates the tongue?

Answer 18

CN XII Hypoglossal

Question 19

what is pyrosis, a common type of esophageal discomfort?

Answer 19

heart burn

Question 20

what allows food to pass through the esophagus?

Answer 20

gravity and peristalsis

Question 21

name 2 salivary glands

Answer 21

parotid & submandibular

Question 22

the parotid duct penetrates through which muscle of the face?

Answer 22

buccinator

Question 23

touching this structure produces a gag reflex

Answer 23

uvula

Question 24

name the three parts of the pharynx

Answer 24

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

Question 25

other than the breakdown of food, what is another function of saliva?

Answer 25

protect teeth; assist in the transport of food

Question 26

the pyloric sphincter controls the movement of chyme from the stomach into the

Answer 26

duodenum (small intestine)

Question 27

true or false: digestion only occurs in the stomach

Answer 27

false

Question 28

what forms the shorter concave border of the stomach?

Answer 28

lesser curvature

Question 29

what protects the stomach from "eating itself"?

Answer 29

continuous mucosal layer

Question 30

what is a protrusion of a part of the stomach into the mediastinum through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm?

Answer 30

hiatial hernia

Question 31

where dies stomach caner frequently occur?

Answer 31

pyloric region

Question 32

which quadrant contains a majority of the stomach?

Answer 32

left upper quadrant

Question 33

what is the term associated with propulsion of food

Answer 33

peristalsis

Question 34

what are the folds that allow for expansions of the stomach?

Answer 34

rugae

Question 35

the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum is the

Answer 35

pyloric sphincter

Question 36

the tail of the pancreas is in close proximity to the hilum of what other organ?

Answer 36

spleen

Question 37

the pancreatic duct connects the common bile duct which empties into what?

Answer 37

duodenum

Question 38

what are the four parts of the pancreas?

Answer 38

body, tail, head, pancreatic duct

Question 39

which kidney does the tail of the pancreas lie anterior to?

Answer 39

left kidney

Question 40

in chronic pancreatitis, most of the pancreas is removed by what procedure?

Answer 40

pancreatectomy

Question 41

the pancreas is responsible for which two endocrine secretions?

Answer 41

insulin & glucagon

Question 42

what major artery is located directly behind pancreas?

Answer 42

abdominal aorta

Question 43

insulin is responsible for what?

Answer 43

breakdown of glucose

Question 44

what are the functions of the spleen?

Answer 44

``` Mechanical filtration of the blood Helps fight infections Production of opsonins, properdin, tuftsin Creation of red blood cells Storage of platelets ```

Question 45

what organ takes over for the spleen, if the spleen can't do their job?

Answer 45

liver

Question 46

which quadrant is the spleen located?

Answer 46

LUQ

Question 47

what is the largest lymphatic organ in the body?

Answer 47

spleen

Question 48

is the spleen located inferior, superior, anterior, or posterior to the kidney?

Answer 48

superior

Question 49

which artery provides blood to the spleen?

Answer 49

splenic artery

Question 50

what makes up the portal triad of the liver?

Answer 50

bile duct, hepatic artery, portal vein

Question 51

what is the largest organ and gland in the body?

Answer 51

liver

Question 52

name the 4 lobes of the liver

Answer 52

right, left, quadrate, caudate

Question 53

excessive alcohol use can lead to what fatal condition

Answer 53

cirrhosis

Question 54

where does the liver receive its blood supply?

Answer 54

75% portal veins | 25% hepatic artery

Question 55

name the major functions of the liver

Answer 55

Storage and detox Filters Stores glycogen Secretes bile:

Question 56

the function of bile is what?

Answer 56

break down fat

Question 57

function of the portal veins is what

Answer 57

carry food substances to the liver for processing

Question 58

what are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 58

Remove excess water, salts and wastes of protein metabolism from the blood while returning nutrients and chemicals to the blood. Carry waste products from the blood into the urine

Question 59

in location to the kidney, where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 59

superior

Question 60

which two hormones does the adrenal gland produce?

Answer 60

epinephrine | norepinephrine

Question 61

what is the word commonly used to describe the location of the kidney in the body?

Answer 61

retroperitoneal

Question 62

the appendix is located on the inferior aspect of what part of the large intestine?

Answer 62

cecum

Question 63

true or false: the rectum is just a storage area, no absorption occurs here

Answer 63

true

Question 64

what is absorbed in the large intestine?

Answer 64

water

Question 65

what is the first part of the large intestine?

Answer 65

cecum

Question 66

what is the surgical removal of the appendix called?

Answer 66

appendectomy

Question 67

what could be a cause of appendicitis?

Answer 67

hyperplasia of lymphatic follicles feacalith thrombosis in appendicular artery

Question 68

what are the parts of the colon?

Answer 68

cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

Question 69

vermiform appendix is the full name for the appendix. what does vermiform mean?

Answer 69

wormlike

Question 70

what is the noticeable by-product of digestion?

Answer 70

gas

Question 71

the sigmoid colon is named for its ___ shape

Answer 71

S

Question 72

small pouches, usually in sigmoid colon, that bulge outward from the colon and become inflamed are called

Answer 72

diverticulitis

Question 73

what structures form the superior and inferior borders of the abdominopelvic region?

Answer 73

superior border--diaphragm | inferior border--pelvic floor

Question 74

the _____ produces bile, while the ___________ stores bile.

Answer 74

liver, gallbladder

Question 75

the levator ani is a group of 3 muscles in the pelvic floor--are they the most superior muscles or the most inferior muscles in the pelvic floor?

Answer 75

most inferior

Question 76

halfway between the umbilicus and the right ASIS is _____________. this is where palpation causes pain with appendicitis.

Answer 76

McBurney's Point

Question 77

what is the large flap of fatty tissue that covers that covers the anterior portion of the gut called?

Answer 77

greater omentum

Question 78

what is the main function of the kidney?

Answer 78

filtration

Question 79

in relation to the kidney, where is the adrenal gland located?

Answer 79

superior

Question 80

which two hormones does the adrenal glad produce?

Answer 80

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 81

what is the word commonly used to describe the location of the kidney in the body?

Answer 81

retroperitoneal