Cardiac

Question 1

describe the skeleton of the heart

Answer 1

A fibrous skeleton of the heart anchors the valves of the heart and provides attachment to the myocardium above and below.

Question 2

In relation to the lungs, where is the mediastinum?

Answer 2

The mediastinum is the area in the chest between the lungs that contains the heart, part of the windpipe (the trachea), the esophagus, and the great vessels including the ascending aorta (the large artery which carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart on its way to the rest of the body)

Question 3

Where is the coronary sinus? The coronary sulcus?

Answer 3

The coronary sinus is a large vein located in the posterior portion of the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular groove) on the posterior surface of the heart. The coronary sinus collects deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins around the heart muscle. The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium with all other deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cava.

Question 4

What structure is situated immediately posterior to the left atrium, separated
from it by only the pericardium?

Answer 4

Esophagus

Question 5

Identify the two largest veins that drain into the right atrium

Answer 5

superior and inferior vena cava

Question 6

The posterior interventricular artery accompanies what vein?

Answer 6

middle cardiac vein

Question 7

Name the artery and vein that run in the anterior interventricular sulcus of the
heart.

Answer 7

anterior interventricular artery

Question 8

. List in proper sequence all vessels and chambers of the heart that a drop of blood
would traverse in going from the inferior vena cava to the internal thoracic artery.
Include all valves involved in this pathway.

Answer 8

IVC, right atrium-right AV valve (tricuspid valve), rt ventricle- pulmonary trunk-pulmonic valve, pulmonary artery (left or right) to lungs, pulmonary veins (left or right), left atrium-left AV valve (mitral valve) left ventricle-aortic valve, aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery (right only), subclavian, internal thoracic artery (internal mammary artery).

Question 9

aortic sinus

Answer 9

space just superior to the valve where openings to LCA and RCA arise to bring
blood to the heart muscle

Question 10

LAD

Answer 10

Left Anterior Descending travels between the right and

left ventricles

Question 11

great cardiac vein

Answer 11

begins at the apex and travels superiorly with the LAD between the two
ventricles to eventually dump into the coronary sinus

Question 12

left circumflex artery travles

Answer 12

(behind the auricle of the left atrium) ALSO comes off of Left Coronary
Artery and goes Posterior

Question 13

right coronary artery travels

Answer 13

from right base of aorta towards right margin

Question 14

What is a serous membrane? What is its function?

Answer 14

A mesothelial tissue which lines certain internal cavities of the body, forming a smooth, transparent, two-layered membrane lubricated by a fluid derived from serum. The peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are serous membranes.

Question 15

Posteriorly, at what vertebral level do the pleural sacs end inferiorly?

Answer 15

The inferior border of the pleura extends laterally from the xiphisternal joint, crosses rib 8 in the midclavicular line and rib 10 in the midaxillary line, and then proceeds toward the spine of the 12th thoracic vertebra.

Question 16

Which primary bronchus is longer? Which one is most frequently involved when foreign objects are inhaled? Why?

Answer 16

Structurally similar to the trachea, the two primary bronchi are located inside the lungs. The right bronchus is slightly larger than the left one. Because of this, foreign objects breathed into the lungs often end up in the right bronchus.

Question 17

What prevents the trachea from collapsing?

Answer 17

The hyaline cartilage in the tracheal wall provides support and keeps the trachea from collapsing. The posterior soft tissue allows for expansion of the esophagus, which is immediately posterior to the trachea.

Question 18

What is a bronchopulmonary segment? What is its clinical significance?

Answer 18

Each segment has its own pulmonary arterial branch and thus, the bronchopulmonary segment is a portion of lung supplied by its own bronchus and artery. Each segment is functionally and anatomically discrete allowing a single segment to be surgically resected without affecting its neighboring segments.

Question 19

Why is the lung in danger of injury in a case of a wound in the lower part of
the neck?

Answer 19

The apex of the lung is rounded, and extends into the root of the neck, reaching from 2.5 to 4 cm. above the level of the sternal end of the first rib. A sulcus produced by the subclavian artery as it curves in front of the pleura runs upward and lateralward immediately below the apex.

Question 20

Describe all of the attachments of the diaphragm.

Answer 20

The diaphragm is a musculotendinous structure with a peripheral attachment to a number of bony structures. It is attached anteriorly to the xiphoid process and costal margin, laterally to the 11th and 12th ribs, and posteriorly to the lumbar vertebrae.