GEP (Life Support) Week 2 Flashcards
What is the mediastinum and how is it seperated?
The Mediastinum: The middle compartment within your thoracic cavity, between your lungs. It contains the heart and other important structures and is sub-divided into the Superior mediastinum, posterior mediastinum, anterior mediastinum and middle mediastinum.
the superior and posterior mediastinum is seperated by the sternal edge at T4.
What are the boarders and content of the superior mediastinum?
What are the boarders and content of the Anterior mediastinum?
What are the boarders and content of the Posterior mediastinum?
What are the boarders and content of the Middle mediastinum?
Identify the anatomy of the heart
Atrioventricular Valves:
Tricuspid & Mitral
Semilunar Valves:
Pulmonary & Aortic
Describe the blood blow around the body
Conduction system of the heart
Describe SA node conduction
Phase 0 – Depolarisation
Once threshold of -40 is reached, VGCCs open. Ca influx = faster rate of depolarisation.
Phase 3 – Repolarisation
“Resets” the action potential. K channels open and efflux out of the cell.
Phase 4 – Pacemaker potential
Slow depolarisation of the pacemaker cell. When it reaches the threshold, an action potential is fired.
Describe myocyte conduction part 1
Describe myocyte conduction part 2
Describe the cardiac cycle and the different points?
What controls BP
CVS: Heart and blood vessels, Salt and water reabsorbtion
Nervous system: Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Endocrine: RAAS system, ADH, ANP
Name the structures related to the CVS and the receptors involved and whether it is SNS or PNS.
What are the 4 ways that SNS controls BP
-Chronotropic effect– SA node - Increase the rate of action potentials which increases the HR.
-Inotropic effect– Atrial/ventricular myocytes - Increase in calcium in the myocytes which increases contractility.
-Lusitropic effect - Atrial/ventricular myocytes – Speed up the relaxation of the myocytes
-Dromotropic – AV node - Increased rate of impulse through atria to ventricle to maintain cardiac output
Explain how chronotropic effect occurs?
B1 receptors – SA node - Increase the rate of action potentialswhich increases theHR.
Explain how Inotropic effect occurs
B1 receptors– Atrial/ventricular myocytes - Increase in calcium inthe myocytes which increasescontractility.
Explain how lusitopic effect occurs
B1 - Atrial/ventricular myocytes – Speed up the relaxationof themyocytes
What are beta and aplha agonists and how do they work?
Describe M2 receptors and parasympathetic mechanism
M2 receptors decreases HR by blocking the Na channels
Describe the RAAS system
What are the 3 different type of hypertensions
-Primary Hypertension: Pressure in arteries increases with no underlying reason, usually asymptomatic.
-Secondary Hypertension: Hypertension caused by another condition. Symptoms are usually associated with the underlying cause
-Severe hypertension: Severe elevation of arterial blood pressure (over 180/120) that may lead to end-organ damage
What are modifiable and non-modifiable factors for hypertension
Non-Modifiable
Age
Gender
Race
Menopause
Type 1 Diabetes
**
Modifiable**
Smoking
BMI
Alcohol intake
Stress
Type 2 Diabetes
Sedentary lifestyle
Diet
Fats
Cholesterol
High salt intake
What are the cause of secondary hypertension
Intrinsic kidney disease
Cushing’s Disease (raised cortisol)
Coarctation of the aorta
Atheromatous renal artery stenosis
Renovascular disease
Primary hyperaldosteronism
NSAID use
Pre/eclampsia
What are the potential organ damage from hypertension?
Retinopathy
Aneurysms and intercranial bleeding
Coronary artery disease
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Atherosclerosis
Renal Failure
(CKD, nephrosclerosis, hypertensive nephropathy)
How to diagnose hypertension and the different ranges
What is the management of hypertension in patients
Micras of all BP drugs given as management (CCB, ACEi etc)
What is a 12 lead ECG
ECG Lead: A graphical description of the electrical activity of the heart that is made using the different electrodes. There are 12 Leads in a 12 lead ECG and each one represents a different direction
If depolirisation is going towards a lead it will have a positive bump, if its is repolarising towards the lead it will have a negative bump on the ecg.
1 SMALL square (1mm) = 0.04 sec (40ms)
5 SMALL squares (5mm) = 1 LARGE square = 0.2 sec (200ms)
5 LARGE squares = 1 second
ST elevation and MI location
II/III/AVF = Inferior
I/AVL/V5/V6= Lateral
V1/V2= Septal
V1/V2/V3/V4= Anterior
Describe p, qrs and st egment
What are the common pathology in the ST segment of the ECG
