GEP (Foundation Module) Week 2 Flashcards
What are the fluid compartments and how are they sectioned?
- 60% of the body is water
- 40% of the body is intracellular (inside tissue cells)
- 20% of the body is extracellular
-80% of the extracellular fluid is interstitial fluid
-20% of the extracellular fluid is plasma
How do Ions,water and plasma protien move from the extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid?
- Water Moves freely between plasma and interstitial fluid. Freely enters cells (through aquaporins that are always open).The lymphatic system carries away excess fluid into the venous system
- Ions Move freely between plasma and interstitial fluid. Cannot pass the cell membrane because they are charged (only via passive or active transport using protein carriers/channels/pumps).
- Plasma proteins Cannot leave the plasma
Exert oncotic pressure (draws fluid into plasma
What are the ion composition of the ECF and ICF?
There is phosphate (HP04-2) in the ICF
What properties affect membrane transport?
- Properties of the solute
-Size of the solute (small solute can pass)
-Hydrophobicity (lipid soluble can pass)
-Concentration gradient (determines direction) - properties of the membrane
-Composition of the membrane
-Fluidity of the membrane
-Thickness of the membrane
-Presence of transporters (active or passive)
Describe a lipid molecule and its properties?
Lipid molecules are amphipathic
-polar head (hydrophilic)
-lipophilic (hydrophobic) tail which prevents the passage of charged molecules.
What are the types of membrane transport?
- Simple diffusion
- Passive transport (channel mediated, transporter mediated)
- Active transport (energy is required)
Types of passive transport?
- Simple diffusion (no energy requirement only a concentration gradient)
- Osmosis
- Facilitated Diffusion
-larger or charged molecules get through membrane with the help of membrane protien.
-This can be Carrier protiens that change to let molecules through like GLUT.
-Or channel protein (tunnel like) which can be either ligand-gated (Nicotinic Ach receptor) or voltage-gated (Na+ mediated)
Types of Active transport?
- Primary: moves substances against the concentration gradient using ATP
- Secondary: Uses the electrochemical/concentration gradient of one molecule to move another against its own gradient, this can be a symporter (same direction) or antiporter (opposite direction) and does not require ATP
-Example or secondary: SGLT1/2 (symporter), Chloride shift - Vesticular: Budding of vesicles to engulf (endocytosis) or get rid (exocytosis) large molecules or more material.
-Examples: phagocytosis, release of neurotransmitter
What is Osmosis?
The net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low to high solute concentration.
What is osmolarity?
This is the total concentration of solutes in a solution
What is Tonicity?
The ability of an extracellular solution to make water move in/out of a cell by osmosis due to a difference in the osmolarity between the ICF and the ECF
Describe what Hypertonic, Isotonic and Hypotonic does to a cell?
- Hypertonic is where water moves out of the cell
- Isotonic is where there is a balance of water going in and out
- Hypotonic is where only water is moving into the cell
What is hypertonic, Isotonic and hypotonic dehydration?
- Isotonic dehydration is an equal loss of salt and water, so no chages in ECF concentration and osmolarity, therefore no movement.
- Hypertonic dehydration is more water is lost than salt, therefore the ECF concentration and osmolarity increases. So water moves from the ICF into the ECF, leading to cell creanation.
- Hypotonic dehydration is where more salt is lost than wate, therefore ECF concentration and osmolarity decreases. So water moves from the ECF into the ICF, leading to lysis and cell death.
Describe starlings law and the factors involved.
- Starlings law is the movement of fluid in the capillary system.
- The capillary walls are semi-permeable so small molecule and water can pass. This is helped by the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressure.
- Hydrostatic pressure is exerted by the fluid against the capillary wall and oncotic pressure is exerted by plasma protein (albumin) that prevents the movement of water.
- The lymphatic system then recyles the fluid in the intersitual space (capillary beds).
Types of stool and Diarrhoea?
- 4 main types
-Osmotic (to many solutes in the intestinal lumen, not enough water is absorbed)
-Secretory (when water is secreted in intestine is greater that water absorbed)
-Inflammatory ( caused by disruption of epithelium of small intestines leading to serum and blood in stool)
-Motility-related ( Nutrients and water is absorbed if stays in the lumen for sufficient time, if not then absorbtion issue)
Types 5, 6 and 7 are classified as diarrhoea.
Identify the anatomy of the kidney labelled
Describe pathway of filteration and physiology of The loop of Henly?
What are the anatomical and neurotransmitter difference between sympathetic and parasympathetic?
- Sympathetic:
-Short pre-ganglionic fibres and long post ganglionic.
-Pre-ganglionic uses acytylcholine and acts on nicotinic receptors
-Post-ganglionic uses noradrenaline and acts on adrenoreceptors (Alpha 1,2/ Beta 1,2,3) - Parasympathetic:
-Long pre-ganglionic fibres and short post-ganglionic
-Pre and post ganglionic fibres release acetylcholine
-pre ganglionic fibres act on nicotinic receptors
-Post ganglionic fibres act on muscarinic receptors (M1,2,3).
Exceptions:
Sympathetic
Sweat glands - post-ganglionic sympathetic fibres release acetylcholine acting at muscarinic receptors
Adrenal glands - pre-ganglionic fibres stimulate adrenal glands to release adrenaline and noradrenaline directly into the bloodstream
No post-ganglionic fibres involved
Parasympathetic
NANC nerves
What is an agonist and the different types of agonist?
- Agonist have affinity and efficacy
1. Full agonists: High efficacy,
2. Partial agonist: Lower efficacy and may not produce all the biological effect.
What is an antagonist and the different types of antagonist?
- Antagonist only have affinity and no efficacy
1. Competitive antagonist: binds onto the same site as the agonist (competes for the same site), as a result makes it hard for the agonist to bind. This shifts the curve to the right as it does not prevent maximum efficacy but just makes it slower. This is surmountable (increase in agonist can displace it)
2. Non-competitive antagonist: Binds to a different site than the agonist, which shifts the curve down as the maximum response cannot be achieved anymore. This is insurmountable (increase in agonist cannot displace it)
3. Irreversible Antagonist: Bind covalently to the receptor and as a result the receptor cannot be used anymore
