GEOLOGY TEST 1

Question 1

What are the elements of a scientific study?

Answer 1

process of discovery, info becomes data that can be shared, and a creative process.

Question 2

what are the differences between hypotheses and scientific theories?

Answer 2

theories have been tested repeatedly and have yet to be proven wrong. hypotheses are assumptions based on observation.

Question 3

What are the four spheres that make up the system?

Answer 3

biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

Question 4

how do the four spheres interact?

Answer 4

earth stuff

Question 5

what is a mineral? what is the characteristics of a mineral?

Answer 5

natural occurring, inorganic, specific chemical composition, crystalline, solid

Question 6

Do minerals have different properties from their component elements? why?

Answer 6

yes because they could have different crystalline structures.

Question 7

What conditions are required to create a diamond? can a diamond be created in a machine? would it be a mineral? why are diamonds different than graphite?

Answer 7

heat, pressure and carbon; yes; no; they have different crystal lattices

Question 8

List the physical properties that are used to identify minerals? describe them. which are good properties and which are poor? why?

Answer 8

Color- color of mineral
Luster- the way a mineral reflects light
streak- color of mineral in powdered form
crystal shape-
Hardness- scratch resistance
cleavage- tendency of rock to break along planes
fracture- breakage along irregular surfaces
specific gravity/ density- weight
color is bad and not reliable but luster, streak, and hardness are.

Question 9

What is the most common mineral group?

Answer 9

Silicate

Question 10

What elements are in a silicate mineral? what is the silicon oxygen tetrahedron? are there more silicon or oxygen atoms?

Answer 10

Silicon and oxygen. more oxygen than silicon

Question 11

Describe the process that creates an igneous rock.

Answer 11

from from molten lava that cools and crystallizes

Question 12

Describe the relationship of texture in extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks to the cooling history of magma.

Answer 12

extrusive is more fine grained and smoother because it cools faster. Intrusive is the opposite

Question 13

How do extrusive, intrusive and porphorytic rocks differ?

Answer 13

extrusive cools at the surface, intrusive cools under ground, and porphorytic cools at two different rates

Question 14

How is chemical/ mineral composition used to identify rocks?

Answer 14

the composition of the magma will determine what rock Is made

Question 15

What determines the chemical composition of an igneous rock?

Answer 15

magma composition

Question 16

what determines the chemical composition of an igneous rock?

Question 17

what do magic and felsic mean? which has the most silicate?

Answer 17

felsic is low in metal and 70% silica. light colored too
mafic is low in silica and has more iron. usually darker in color

Question 18

compare basalt/granite/obsidian and gabbro/basalt

Question 19

What texture would a magmatic intrusion have?

Question 20

why do different eruptions behave differently?

Answer 20

different magma viscosity and amount of gas in lava

Question 21

How does the chemical composition of magma change its viscosity?

Answer 21

silica content, lava temperature, and gas content

Question 22

how can volcanic eruptions change the climate?

Answer 22

pyroclastic material can fill the sky and cool the Earth.

Question 23

Different volcano types? how does the original magma composition determine what type of volcano is made? what are the different features? what is the composition of the different rocks? which is most violent? what is pyroclastic flow? what is a lahar?

Answer 23

shied, cinder, composite. composite is most violent. pyroclastic flow is mixture of gas and explosive debris. the magma composition determines what kind of volcano is made by the amount of gas and the viscosity of the magma. the more gas, the more violent it will be. A lahar is volcanic mudflow

Question 24

What are the main types of intrusive rocks? what’s the difference between a sill and a dike?

Answer 24

sill and dike
a sill- sheet like and parallel to rock layers
dike- sheet like and cuts through existing rock

Question 25

What is a batholith? how would a batholith become exposed on the surface?

Answer 25

it is an intrusive body.100 + square miles.

Question 26

What is weathering?

Answer 26

destructive process that changes rock at the surface

Question 27

what are the main ways weathering occurs?

Answer 27

mechanically and chemically

Question 28

list mechanical weathering process. How do they work?

Answer 28

breaks rocks into smaller pieces. Frost wedging, sheeting, salt crystals, etc

Question 29

how does chemical weathering work? what is the most effective agent of chemical weathering?

Answer 29

decomposes rock due to chemical reaction. water is the most important agent

Question 30

which mineral is resistant to chemical weathering?

Answer 30

quartz

Question 31

How do mechanical and chemical weathering work together?

Answer 31

mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces allowing for more surface area for chemical weathering.

Question 32

what is differential weathering?

Answer 32

some minerals are more resistant than others

Question 33

how are climate and the rate of weathering related?

Answer 33

weathering happens more in wetter climates

Question 34

how are the thickness and weather rinds and time connected?

Question 35

how do sedimentary rocks form from pre existing rocks?

Answer 35

they come from mineral fragments or become crystallized together.

Question 36

describe and differentiate between 3 types of sedimentary rocks.

Answer 36

detrital: bits of other rocks cemented together chemical: interlocking crystals biochemical: made from plant remains and fossils

Question 37

some minerals are more resistant than others to chemical and mechanical weathering. what does the presence or absence of resistant or non resistant minerals in a sedimentary rock indicate about transport?

Answer 37

depending on the shape and texture of the rock you can tell how much its travelled.

Question 38

describe lithification process. are all sedimentary rocks the product of lithification?

Answer 38

it converts sediment to sedimentary rocks by deposition, compaction, and cementation.

Question 39

what are evaporates and how do they form?

Answer 39

they form after water evaporates. the crystals interlock

Question 40

know difference between quartz sandstone, sandstone, arkose, shale, coquina, fossiliferous limestone, and rock salt.

Question 41

what defines a metamorphic rock? is it the result of melting?

Answer 41

produced from already existing rocks. no

Question 42

how do metamorphic rocks form from pre existing rocks?

Answer 42

temperature and pressure

Question 43

what are the agents of metamorphism?

Answer 43

temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids

Question 44

what is confining pressure?

Answer 44

pressure that's the same in all directions

Question 45

what is directed pressure? how does it change the properties of a metamorphic rock?

Answer 45

force is different in different directions. it changes the texture of the rock

Question 46

what is foliation?

Answer 46

parallel alignment of minerals due to directed pressure or differential stress

Question 47

which type of metamorphism/ pressure creates foliation?

Answer 47

direct/ regional

Question 48

what are the agents of contact metamorphism?