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GEOLOGY TEST 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the elements of a scientific study?

A

process of discovery, info becomes data that can be shared, and a creative process.

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2
Q

what are the differences between hypotheses and scientific theories?

A

theories have been tested repeatedly and have yet to be proven wrong. hypotheses are assumptions based on observation.

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3
Q

What are the four spheres that make up the system?

A

biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere

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4
Q

how do the four spheres interact?

A

earth stuff

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5
Q

what is a mineral? what is the characteristics of a mineral?

A

natural occurring, inorganic, specific chemical composition, crystalline, solid

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6
Q

Do minerals have different properties from their component elements? why?

A

yes because they could have different crystalline structures.

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7
Q

What conditions are required to create a diamond? can a diamond be created in a machine? would it be a mineral? why are diamonds different than graphite?

A

heat, pressure and carbon; yes; no; they have different crystal lattices

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8
Q

List the physical properties that are used to identify minerals? describe them. which are good properties and which are poor? why?

A

Color- color of mineral
Luster- the way a mineral reflects light
streak- color of mineral in powdered form
crystal shape-
Hardness- scratch resistance
cleavage- tendency of rock to break along planes
fracture- breakage along irregular surfaces
specific gravity/ density- weight
color is bad and not reliable but luster, streak, and hardness are.

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9
Q

What is the most common mineral group?

A

Silicate

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10
Q

What elements are in a silicate mineral? what is the silicon oxygen tetrahedron? are there more silicon or oxygen atoms?

A

Silicon and oxygen. more oxygen than silicon

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11
Q

Describe the process that creates an igneous rock.

A

from from molten lava that cools and crystallizes

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12
Q

Describe the relationship of texture in extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks to the cooling history of magma.

A

extrusive is more fine grained and smoother because it cools faster. Intrusive is the opposite

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13
Q

How do extrusive, intrusive and porphorytic rocks differ?

A

extrusive cools at the surface, intrusive cools under ground, and porphorytic cools at two different rates

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14
Q

How is chemical/ mineral composition used to identify rocks?

A

the composition of the magma will determine what rock Is made

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15
Q

What determines the chemical composition of an igneous rock?

A

magma composition

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16
Q

what determines the chemical composition of an igneous rock?

A
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17
Q

what do magic and felsic mean? which has the most silicate?

A

felsic is low in metal and 70% silica. light colored too
mafic is low in silica and has more iron. usually darker in color

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18
Q

compare basalt/granite/obsidian and gabbro/basalt

A
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19
Q

What texture would a magmatic intrusion have?

A
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20
Q

why do different eruptions behave differently?

A

different magma viscosity and amount of gas in lava

21
Q

How does the chemical composition of magma change its viscosity?

A

silica content, lava temperature, and gas content

22
Q

how can volcanic eruptions change the climate?

A

pyroclastic material can fill the sky and cool the Earth.

23
Q

Different volcano types? how does the original magma composition determine what type of volcano is made? what are the different features? what is the composition of the different rocks? which is most violent? what is pyroclastic flow? what is a lahar?

A

shied, cinder, composite. composite is most violent. pyroclastic flow is mixture of gas and explosive debris. the magma composition determines what kind of volcano is made by the amount of gas and the viscosity of the magma. the more gas, the more violent it will be. A lahar is volcanic mudflow

24
Q

What are the main types of intrusive rocks? what’s the difference between a sill and a dike?

A

sill and dike
a sill- sheet like and parallel to rock layers
dike- sheet like and cuts through existing rock

25
Q

What is a batholith? how would a batholith become exposed on the surface?

A

it is an intrusive body.100 + square miles.

26
Q

What is weathering?

A

destructive process that changes rock at the surface

27
Q

what are the main ways weathering occurs?

A

mechanically and chemically

28
Q

list mechanical weathering process. How do they work?

A

breaks rocks into smaller pieces. Frost wedging, sheeting, salt crystals, etc

29
Q

how does chemical weathering work? what is the most effective agent of chemical weathering?

A

decomposes rock due to chemical reaction. water is the most important agent

30
Q

which mineral is resistant to chemical weathering?

A

quartz

31
Q

How do mechanical and chemical weathering work together?

A

mechanical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces allowing for more surface area for chemical weathering.

32
Q

what is differential weathering?

A

some minerals are more resistant than others

33
Q

how are climate and the rate of weathering related?

A

weathering happens more in wetter climates

34
Q

how are the thickness and weather rinds and time connected?

A
35
Q

how do sedimentary rocks form from pre existing rocks?

A

they come from mineral fragments or become crystallized together.

36
Q

describe and differentiate between 3 types of sedimentary rocks.

A

detrital: bits of other rocks cemented together
chemical: interlocking crystals
biochemical: made from plant remains and fossils

37
Q

some minerals are more resistant than others to chemical and mechanical weathering. what does the presence or absence of resistant or non resistant minerals in a sedimentary rock indicate about transport?

A

depending on the shape and texture of the rock you can tell how much its travelled.

38
Q

describe lithification process. are all sedimentary rocks the product of lithification?

A

it converts sediment to sedimentary rocks by deposition, compaction, and cementation.

39
Q

what are evaporates and how do they form?

A

they form after water evaporates. the crystals interlock

40
Q

know difference between quartz sandstone, sandstone, arkose, shale, coquina, fossiliferous limestone, and rock salt.

A
41
Q

what defines a metamorphic rock? is it the result of melting?

A

produced from already existing rocks. no

42
Q

how do metamorphic rocks form from pre existing rocks?

A

temperature and pressure

43
Q

what are the agents of metamorphism?

A

temperature, pressure, and chemically active fluids

44
Q

what is confining pressure?

A

pressure that’s the same in all directions

45
Q

what is directed pressure? how does it change the properties of a metamorphic rock?

A

force is different in different directions. it changes the texture of the rock

46
Q

what is foliation?

A

parallel alignment of minerals due to directed pressure or differential stress

47
Q

which type of metamorphism/ pressure creates foliation?

A

direct/ regional

48
Q

what are the agents of contact metamorphism?

A

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