Geography PCT 2 revision 2 population Flashcards
Overpopulation
Too many people to support a good standard of living by the resources available
Under population
Not enough people to make full use of the available resources / technology.
Causes of of overpopulation ( What makes overpopulation )
- Lack of birth control,
- Increase in healthcare,
- Immigration
- Lower death rates
Impacts of overpopulation
- Lack of resources,
- Lack of work, higher rate of unemployed
- Pressure on services,
- Deforestation,
Impacts of underpopulation
- Lack of government income,
- Small market for goods and services
- Under-used resources
- Shortage of workers
Pull factor of internal migration
Low crime rate
High employment, wages, lots of jobs
Access to safe drinking water and food
Better education and medical facilities
Push factor of internal migration
Overpopulation, lack of jobs, low wages
Lack of clean water = diseases
Lack of services (education/healthcare)
Natural disasters, wars
Causes of underpopulation ( What makes underpopulation )
- Very large landmass,
- Extreme climate (uninhabitable)
- High incomes,
- Lower birth rates and longer life expectancies),
International migration ( push factors of source country - Mexico )
- Poor medical facilities – 2000 per doctor
- 40% unemployed
- Low paid jobs – GNI per capita – $9,600
- Very high crime rates, often related to drug crimes
International migration ( Impacts of source country - Mexico )
- Villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its economically active population
- Over $40bn is sent back to Mexico as remittances
- Lack of young couples have reduced the fertility rate to 2.1
- 7000 died illegally crossing the border (record 224 in 2020) = emotional and mental stress for families
International Migration ( Pull factors of host country u.s.a)
Excellent medical facilities – 400 people per doctor
- Adult literacy rates – 99%
- Lots of jobs available through a range of industries and services
International migration ( Impacts of host country u.s.a )
Illegal immigration costs the USA approximately $54bn a year
- Mexican migrants work at very low wages ($1870 compared to $3714) – Locals are priced out of jobs
( Có nghĩa là do người Mexico làm việc với một mức lương thấp cho nên người mỹ sẽ không được thuê và thất nghiệp hoặc là họ sẽ cũng phải làm việc ở mức lương đó ) - Mexican culture has enriched US states with food, language and music, creating jobs.
- Legal migrants work and pay taxes to the government
Facts about Bangladesh
162 millions people - 8th highest in the world
High birthrate - 18.1 /1000
Lower death rate - 5.5 / 1000
Life expectancy is improving - 72 years old
Population is naturally increasing ( 2.18 % )
Most people in Bangladesh live in central areas
Fewer people live in northern central areas
Why is Bangladesh so densely populated ?
This is because, it has :
- High birth rate
- Lower death rate
- Life expectancy is 72 and improving
- Population is naturally increasing
- ( Physical factor ) It has low lying land, surrounded by floodplains which is fertile soil for crops
- ( Social ) Rural urban migration due to higher wages and better access to services in Dhaka
- ( Economic ) Lots of job opportunities, 42.7% work in agriculture
- ( Political ) Stable government and economic growth of 7.3% per year
Why is Bangladesh over-populated?
- Lower death rates - High birth rates, death rates reduce and longer life expectancy means that the population is naturally increasing.
( Tỉ lệ sinh sản cao,tỉ lệ chết giảm và tuổi thọ trung bình dài hơn cho nên dân số đang phát triển một cách tự nhiên ) - Education for woman is low - Average length of education is 12 years old - So woman cannot get well paid jobs, they have to marry earlier and dependent on husbands for income
( Người phụ nữ trung bình chỉ học tới 12 tuổi ( lớp 7) cho nên họ không thể tìm được việc làm với mức lương cao, họ phải cưới sớm hơn và đương nhiên họ sẽ phải phụ thuộc vào thu nhập của chồng ) - 89% are Muslim ( đạo hồi ) - The leaders don’t allow people to use contraception, meaning more unplanned pregnancies
What are the problems/consequences of overpopulation ?
- Traffic congestion in Dhaka city - 38,000 more cars are added annually, putting pressure on infrastructure( roads, transport ) as well as increase air pollution
- Deforestation for natural resources - Resources are used for construction and building which can increase soil erosion, making flood worse
- More pressure on services and infrastructure ( healthcare, transport, education, housing)
Australia facts
- Population : 25 millions
- Life expectancy - 82 years
- Fertility rate - 1.74 per woman
- Average age of first marriage : 28.7
- It population distribution is uneven
- People concentrated along the east coast
- Very few people live in central areas
Why is Australia so sparsely populated ?
Physical factor : Extreme climate - hot and dry so lack of water, infertile land for crops. Its is 6th largest country in the world( 7.7 millions km2) small population compare to the landmass ( dân số nhở so với diện tích đất )
- Social : There are more cities along the coast with greater job opportunities.
Economic : Rural to urban migration - 89% live in urban areas – better access to jobs
Political : Strict immigration controls discourage mass immigration, keeping the population low.
Why Australia under-populated ?
- Huge landmass relative to population ( Diện tích đất lớn hơn nhiều so với dân số )
- 20% Australia areas are desert. They are uninhabitable
- 95% of the population have access to and use contraception
What are the problems of under - population ?
- Fewer economically active population. There is shortage of 2.3 millions of workers to support dependents( người già, trẻ em )
- Fewer taxes go to the government to re-invest in infrastructure.
- Reliance( phụ thuộc ) on exports which are worth $220bn a year to the economy.
Migration
means moving from one place to another
Net Migration
the difference between the rate of emigration and immigration
International Migration
Crossing national borders
Internal migration
Moving within a country
