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Biology PCT1 revision Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

taking in materials for energy, growth and development

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2
Q

Organisms obtain energy and raw materials from ….

A

Organisms obtain energy and raw materials from nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

Eg: Green plants that can make their own food by photosynthesis. To do this, they need light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic ions.

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Eg: Animals and fungi
They depend on other organisms for food.
Heterotrophs can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or saprotrophs

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5
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Decomposers that digest nutrients outside their bodies:

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6
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Decomposers that digest nutrients outside their bodies

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7
Q

How saprotrophs decompose nutrients ?

A

They secrete enzymes onto the food and then, once the enzymes have broken the food down, they absorb the nutrients they need

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8
Q

Animals needs

A

Animals also need inorganic ions and most need water.

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9
Q

MRS GREN

A 
M for Movement
R for Respiration
S for Sensitivity
G for Growth
R for Reproduction
E for Excretion
N for Nutrition
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10
Q

Cells

A

Cells are the building blocks of life and all living organisms on Earth are made from cells.

A cells is the smallest part of living matter that shows the seven characteristics of long organisms

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11
Q

Fews exceptions of cells that do not contain one of the 7 characteristics

A

Red bloods cell do not reproduce

Movement is not obvious in most cells.

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12
Q

Unicellular

A

Made of only one cell.
Eg:
Bacteria, yeast and the bubble alga

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13
Q

Multicellular

A

They are made of many cells and have a more complex structure.

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14
Q

7 characteristics of cell

A

MRS GREN

Movement 
Respiration 
Sensitivity 
Growth 
Reproduction 
Excretion
Nutrition
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15
Q

What thing do important scientific discoveries rely on ?

A

Improved technology

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16
Q

Robbert Hooke microscope

A
  • It is called a light microscope because light is the source of energy used to view the specimen.
  • It uses glass lenses to produce magnified images
  • It can only enlarges images up to 400 times
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17
Q

How many times that high - quality light microscopes can enlarge?

A

1500 times

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18
Q

How many times that high - quality light microscopes can enlarge?

A

1500 times

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19
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

It surrounds all cells and it is made of fat and proteins
It is partially permeable
It control the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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20
Q

What things does the cell surface membrane hold together?

A

It holds together the cell contents, such as the nucleus and cytoplasm

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21
Q

Partially permeable in cells

A

This means that some types of molecule can pass through it, while others cannot.

22
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Its main component (around 70%) is water.
  • It contain many dissolved substances, such as salts, sugars and amino acids
  • It fills all the space inside cell except the place for nucleus and other structures
  • Many chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm.
23
Q

The nucleus

A
  • Is a rounded organelle
  • Located in the centre of animals cells and toward the edge of plant cells.
  • It contains chromosomes
  • The nucleus controls all the activities of the cells ( the cell’s metabolism )
24
Q

Organelle

A

An organelle is a specialised structure inside cells with a specific function.

25
Chromosomes
Made of DNA. DNA carries all the genetic information of the organism - the ' instructions ' for making specific proteins
26
Structures that are not present in the animal cell.
Cell wall, Vacuole, Chloroplasts
27
Cell wall
- Cell wall is the outermost structure in all plant cells - It is mostly made of cellulose fibre - Cell wall provide shape and support to the cell and prevent it from bursting when it absorbs water.
28
Cellulose fibres
This form a mesh around the outside of the membrane - These fibres are slightly elastic but they are tough - This is the reason why the tall trees can keep upright even though they do not have skeleton
28
Cellulose fibres
This form a mesh around the outside of the membrane - These fibres are slightly elastic but they are tough - This is the reason why the tall trees can keep upright even though they do not have skeleton
29
Spaces between the cellulose fibres of the cells wall
This spaces is big so most molecules can pass through these gaps. The cell wall is fully permeable.
30
Vacuole
- Large and permanent vacuole fills most of the space inside the plant cells. - It contains cell sap, mineral salts, lipids , proteins and pigments - It helps the cells to stay rigid - Within the vacuole, substances can be stored and waste materials can be broken down .
31
Pigments
Pigments are substances that give colour to flowers and other structures.
32
Do not confuse between the vacuoles in plant and animal cells
- Permanent central vacuole in plant cells is vital – it performs functions that cannot be performed by other cell structures. - The smaller vacuoles within the cytoplasm of some animal cells usually transport or store materials.
33
Chloroplasts
- Chloroplasts are green oval-shaped structures - Found in the cytoplasm of most plant cells - Located towards the edges of the cell, between the cell membrane and the vacuole - Contains chlorophyII that is green - Inside the chloroplasts, there are starch grains.
34
ChlorophylI
- Chlorophyll is a pigment that traps light energy (usually from the sun) and converts it to chemical energy. - This energy is used inside the chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
35
Animal cells store food as ...
glycogen granules which are found in the cytoplasm
36
Structures that always present in animal cells
Cytoplasm and cell membrane
37
Root hair cell in the surface of roots.
Absorption of water and minerals from the soil. The finger features of root hair cell help the cell increase surface area for absorption.
38
Palisade mesophyll cells in leaves.
- Photosynthesis | - The cell contains many chloroplasts for photosynthesis.
39
Ciliated epithelial cell
- Sweeps mucus upwards in trachea and bronchi. | - They sweep the mucus upwards, away from the respiratory system
40
Red blood cell
- Transports oxygen from lungs to body cells. - It has biconcave shape and don't have nucleus. This increase the surface area for oxygen to move in/ out and more room for haemoglobin.
41
Haemoglobin
Is the read pigment which transports oxygen.
42
Egg
- Sexual reproduction - The cytoplasm of the cell contains yolk. This is a food store for the new individual to use in the first stages of its development.
43
Sperm cell
- Sexual reproduction | - The cell has a long tail. It uses this tail to swim to meet the egg and fertilise it.
44
Magnification used in microscope
Magnification used in microscope = magnification of eyepiece lens × magnification of objective lens
45
Magnification equation triangle
Image Size ``` -------------------------- A. | M c. |. a t | g u n a. x i l. | f S | i i | c z a e t i o n ```
46
Diffusion
Definition : The net movement of particles from a region where their concentration is higher to a region where their concentration is lower - The particles move down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement.
47
A concentration gradient
A concentration gradient is the gradual difference between concentrations
48
Energy of Diffusion
- The energy for diffusion comes from the kinetic energy of the randomly-moving molecules and ions so it is a passive process ( Does not require any energy input )
49
Factors that affect diffusion rate
Surface area, temperature, concentration gradient and distance
50
Visking tubing
Is an artificial semi-permeable membrane that can be used to model the cell membrane.
51
Osmosis
Movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell's partially permeable membrane.

PCT1 revision (12 decks)

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