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PCT1 revision > Biology PCT1 revision > Flashcards

Biology PCT1 revision Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrition

A

taking in materials for energy, growth and development

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2
Q

Organisms obtain energy and raw materials from ….

A

Organisms obtain energy and raw materials from nutrients such as proteins, carbohydrates and fats.

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

Eg: Green plants that can make their own food by photosynthesis. To do this, they need light, carbon dioxide, water and inorganic ions.

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4
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Eg: Animals and fungi
They depend on other organisms for food.
Heterotrophs can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores or saprotrophs

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5
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Decomposers that digest nutrients outside their bodies:

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6
Q

Saprotrophs

A

Decomposers that digest nutrients outside their bodies

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7
Q

How saprotrophs decompose nutrients ?

A

They secrete enzymes onto the food and then, once the enzymes have broken the food down, they absorb the nutrients they need

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8
Q

Animals needs

A

Animals also need inorganic ions and most need water.

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9
Q

MRS GREN

A 
M for Movement
R for Respiration
S for Sensitivity
G for Growth
R for Reproduction
E for Excretion
N for Nutrition
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10
Q

Cells

A

Cells are the building blocks of life and all living organisms on Earth are made from cells.

A cells is the smallest part of living matter that shows the seven characteristics of long organisms

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11
Q

Fews exceptions of cells that do not contain one of the 7 characteristics

A

Red bloods cell do not reproduce

Movement is not obvious in most cells.

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12
Q

Unicellular

A

Made of only one cell.
Eg:
Bacteria, yeast and the bubble alga

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13
Q

Multicellular

A

They are made of many cells and have a more complex structure.

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14
Q

7 characteristics of cell

A

MRS GREN

Movement 
Respiration 
Sensitivity 
Growth 
Reproduction 
Excretion
Nutrition
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15
Q

What thing do important scientific discoveries rely on ?

A

Improved technology

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16
Q

Robbert Hooke microscope

A
  • It is called a light microscope because light is the source of energy used to view the specimen.
  • It uses glass lenses to produce magnified images
  • It can only enlarges images up to 400 times
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17
Q

How many times that high - quality light microscopes can enlarge?

A

1500 times

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18
Q

How many times that high - quality light microscopes can enlarge?

A

1500 times

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19
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

It surrounds all cells and it is made of fat and proteins
It is partially permeable
It control the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

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20
Q

What things does the cell surface membrane hold together?

A

It holds together the cell contents, such as the nucleus and cytoplasm

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21
Q

Partially permeable in cells

A

This means that some types of molecule can pass through it, while others cannot.

22
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Its main component (around 70%) is water.
  • It contain many dissolved substances, such as salts, sugars and amino acids
  • It fills all the space inside cell except the place for nucleus and other structures
  • Many chemical reactions take place in the cytoplasm.
23
Q

The nucleus

A
  • Is a rounded organelle
  • Located in the centre of animals cells and toward the edge of plant cells.
  • It contains chromosomes
  • The nucleus controls all the activities of the cells ( the cell’s metabolism )
24
Q

Organelle

A

An organelle is a specialised structure inside cells with a specific function.

25
Q

Chromosomes

A

Made of DNA. DNA carries all the genetic information of the organism - the ‘ instructions ‘ for making specific proteins

26
Q

Structures that are not present in the animal cell.

A

Cell wall, Vacuole, Chloroplasts

27
Q

Cell wall

A
  • Cell wall is the outermost structure in all plant cells
  • It is mostly made of cellulose fibre
  • Cell wall provide shape and support to the cell and prevent it from bursting when it absorbs water.
28
Q

Cellulose fibres

A

This form a mesh around the outside of the membrane

  • These fibres are slightly elastic but they are tough
  • This is the reason why the tall trees can keep upright even though they do not have skeleton
28
Q

Cellulose fibres

A

This form a mesh around the outside of the membrane

  • These fibres are slightly elastic but they are tough
  • This is the reason why the tall trees can keep upright even though they do not have skeleton
29
Q

Spaces between the cellulose fibres of the cells wall

A

This spaces is big so most molecules can pass through these gaps.
The cell wall is fully permeable.

30
Q

Vacuole

A
  • Large and permanent vacuole fills most of the space inside the plant cells.
  • It contains cell sap, mineral salts, lipids , proteins and pigments
  • It helps the cells to stay rigid
  • Within the vacuole, substances can be stored and waste materials can be broken down .
31
Q

Pigments

A

Pigments are substances that give colour to flowers and other structures.

32
Q

Do not confuse between the vacuoles in plant and animal cells

A
  • Permanent central vacuole in plant cells is vital – it performs functions that cannot be performed by other cell structures.
  • The smaller vacuoles within the cytoplasm of some animal cells usually transport or store materials.
33
Q

Chloroplasts

A
  • Chloroplasts are green oval-shaped structures
  • Found in the cytoplasm of most plant cells
  • Located towards the edges of the cell, between the cell membrane and the vacuole
  • Contains chlorophyII that is green
  • Inside the chloroplasts, there are starch grains.
34
Q

ChlorophylI

A
  • Chlorophyll is a pigment that traps light energy (usually from the sun) and converts it to chemical energy.
  • This energy is used inside the chloroplast to carry out photosynthesis
35
Q

Animal cells store food as …

A

glycogen granules which are found in the cytoplasm

36
Q

Structures that always present in animal cells

A

Cytoplasm and cell membrane

37
Q

Root hair cell in the surface of roots.

A

Absorption of water and minerals from the soil.

The finger features of root hair cell help the cell increase surface area for absorption.

38
Q

Palisade mesophyll cells in leaves.

A
  • Photosynthesis

- The cell contains many chloroplasts for photosynthesis.

39
Q

Ciliated epithelial cell

A
  • Sweeps mucus upwards in trachea and bronchi.

- They sweep the mucus upwards, away from the respiratory system

40
Q

Red blood cell

A
  • Transports oxygen from lungs to body cells.
  • It has biconcave shape and don’t have nucleus. This increase the surface area for oxygen to move in/ out and more room for haemoglobin.
41
Q

Haemoglobin

A

Is the read pigment which transports oxygen.

42
Q

Egg

A
  • Sexual reproduction
  • The cytoplasm of the cell contains yolk. This is a food store for the new individual to use in the first stages of its development.
43
Q

Sperm cell

A
  • Sexual reproduction

- The cell has a long tail. It uses this tail to swim to meet the egg and fertilise it.

44
Q

Magnification used in microscope

A

Magnification used in microscope = magnification of eyepiece lens × magnification of objective lens

45
Q

Magnification equation triangle

A

Image Size

--------------------------
A.           |         M
c.           |.         a  
t             |          g
u                       n
a.           x         i
l.             |         f
S            |         i
i             |         c
z                      a
e                      t
                        i 
                        o
                        n
46
Q

Diffusion

A

Definition : The net movement of particles from a region where their concentration is higher to a region where their concentration is lower

  • The particles move down a concentration gradient, as a result of their random movement.
47
Q

A concentration gradient

A

A concentration gradient is the gradual difference between concentrations

48
Q

Energy of Diffusion

A
  • The energy for diffusion comes from the kinetic energy of the randomly-moving molecules and ions so it is a passive process ( Does not require any energy input )
49
Q

Factors that affect diffusion rate

A

Surface area, temperature, concentration gradient and distance

50
Q

Visking tubing

A

Is an artificial semi-permeable membrane that can be used to model the cell membrane.

51
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s partially permeable membrane.

PCT1 revision (12 decks)

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