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PCT1 revision > Geography PCT 2 revision 1 > Flashcards

Geography PCT 2 revision 1 Flashcards

1
Q

birth rates

A

the number of babies born in a year per 1000

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2
Q

deaths rates

A

The number of deaths in a year per 1000

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3
Q

Natural increase

A

The difference between the birth and death rates

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4
Q

Fertility Rate

A

The average number of babies born per woman

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5
Q

The Dependency Ratio

A

the relationship between the working and non-working population

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6
Q

Infant Mortality

A

number of children who die before their 1st birthday per 1000

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7
Q

Migration

A

moving from one place to another

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8
Q

Emigration

A

Movingout of a country to live

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9
Q

Net Migration

A

difference between the rate ofemigration andimmigration

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10
Q

migration

A

Movingwithin a country

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11
Q

International Migration

A

Crossingnationalborders

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12
Q

Internal migration

A

Movingwithin a country

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13
Q

Push factor

A

(Involuntary migration)A reason whysomeone isforced leave an area

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14
Q

Pull factor

A

(Voluntary migration)A reason whysomeone wouldchooseto move to an area

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15
Q

Rural to urban migration

A

Moving from the countryside to towns and cities

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16
Q

Pro-natalist

A

governmental strategiesencourageshigher fertility rates and more children to be born

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17
Q

Anti-natalist

A

government strategies tocontrol population growth , reducingthe fertility rate and and number of childrenthat are born.

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18
Q

why does Singapore uses Pro - Natalist

A
  • The government want to increase its population by 40% (to 2.8 m) in 40 Years
  • they expect 25% their population to be elderly dependent by 2025
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19
Q

what is the Policy Features ( Singapore )

A
  • Baby bonuses ⇒ $6,500 for 1 child, up to$13,000 for3.
  • living place are provide for couples that has more than 2 children
  • Maternity leave - nghỉ đẻ extended from 8-12weeks
  • Tax rebates⇒ of $20k for eachchild
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20
Q

what was the successful of this policy ( Singapore )

A
  • Populationgrowth rate is1.73%
  • Abortion - phá thai rateshavedecreased
    to 7000 a year​
  • The populationhas increasedto 6.2
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21
Q

what was the unsuccessful of this policy ( Singapore )

A
  • The lowest fertility rate inthe world
    (0.87)​
  • 24% of the population areimmigrants
  • Government control too much , leading difficult to changeattitudes​
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22
Q

Reason for China to use One Child Policy ( Anti-natalist) (1979-2016)

A
  • 1959-61 – Great Chinesefamine – 30m diedof starvation

- Worried by alack of resources and arepeat of famine disaster

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23
Q

what is the Policy Features ( If follow ) - China

A
  • If wait until 20s to have a baby = 5-10 % pay rise
  • choice of best availablehouses
  • Free education
  • Free Family Benefits and savings
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24
Q

what is Policy Features ( If not follow ) - China

A
  • If not follow the policy salary cut fines up to 20 %
  • fines ( tiền phạt ) up to 60,000 USD
  • Force abortions for any future children
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25
Q

what was the successful of this policy ( China )

A
  • Over 400m birthsprevented
  • Lowest level ofbirthsin 2019(13.45m)
  • Population growthrate hasdecreasedand will begin to fallin 2040​
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26
Q

what was the unsuccessful of this policy ( China )

A
  • By 2050, 1/3rdofthe population willbe60+ ( risk of ageing population )
  • infanticide andbabies beingabandoned​
  • 40mgendergap, increase in‘barebranches -cannotadd to familytrees​
27
Q

what factors could make a place to be Sparsely ( ít người )

A
  • Lack ofjobs, investment in services
  • Steeprelief / Extreme climate
  • Lack of Natural resources
28
Q

what factors could make a place to be densely populated ( đông người )

A
  • Low lying land – easier to build
  • Jobsavailable/good infrastructure
  • High levels ofnatural resources
29
Q

what are the factors causing low birth rates

A
  • improve status of women
  • birth control available
  • child care is expensive
30
Q

what are the factors causing high birth rates

A
  • birth control is not being used
  • Early marriage
  • culture traditional to have large family
31
Q

what are the factors causing high death rates

A
  • war
  • don’t have access to clean water
  • poor healthcare
  • disease
32
Q

what are the factors causing low death rates

A
  • good healthcare
  • have access to clean water
  • good harvest / reliable food supply
33
Q

what are the young dependent

A

young dependent are those from 0 - 15 Years old

34
Q

what are the Economically active

A

are those from 16-65 Years old

35
Q

what are the Elderly Dependent

A

are those from 65 + Years old

36
Q

how do you describe an population Pyramid

A

you will Have to describe all 3 stages ( young dependent , Economically active and Elderly dependent ) is’t narrow or wide , and say what it show

37
Q

why is the birth rate so high in Uganda

A
  • only one in 20 women uses birth control
  • cultural tradition to have large family
  • early marriage ( 20.3)
38
Q

what are the problems of a highly dependent population

A
  • pressure on sevices, healthcare, transport, education
  • overcrowding - poor living / disease can spread
  • Noguaranteechildren willcomplete education and gain skillsneeded – No tax to government
39
Q

what are the Benefits of a highly dependent population ?

A
  • Larger number of economically active population
  • larger population larger workforce to pay tax
  • Re-invest money to improve infrastructure​
40
Q

what are Hiv & Aids are like in Sub-Saharan Africa

A
  • 4 in 5 new HIV infections among10-19 yearold’saregirls
  • 15-45% risk of mothers passing on HIV to theirnewborn babies
  • Contraception is used by 16% and 23% of married teenage and young women living in rural and urban
  • 50% of women living in rural areas had apregnancy
    before the age of 18 compared to 42%in urban areas
41
Q

How could this impact birth and deathrates ?

A
  • Increased death and infant mortality rates – Could be passed onto child. Children will be expected to leave school and work to support families, increasing the pressure on them as carers
  • Lack of education and birth control = unplanned pregnancies = higher birth rate and high risk of passing on HIV
  • Increased infant mortality and death rate of economically active population. This can lead to low levels of elderly dependents
42
Q

what is the problem that Japan Population are facing

A

ageing population

declining population growth rate ​and a highly dependent (old) population) ​

43
Q

Why does Japan birth rate so low

A
  • Naturaldecrease ( -0.27% )
  • Fertility rate ( number babies were born per women ) 1.43
  • Fewer women and younger people having babies to focus on careers
  • Cultural preference to only have one child
  • late marriage ( 30.3)
44
Q

what problems can be caused by low birth rates / highly dependent population?

A
  • Fewer economically active people working in the future – less tax – less income for the government.
  • Increasedpressureon health, transport andsocial services
  • Tax increasesfor economically activepopulation needed
  • Increase inelderly dependentsby 40% in 2050
45
Q

Overpopulation

A

Too many people to support a good standard of living by the resources available

46
Q

Under population

A

Not enough people to make full use of the available resources / technology.

47
Q

Causes of of overpopulation ( What makes overpopulation )

A
  • Lack of birth control,
  • Increase in healthcare,
  • Immigration
  • Lower death rates
48
Q

Impacts of overpopulation

A
  • Lack of resources,
  • Lack of work, higher rate of unemployed
  • Pressure on services,
  • Deforestation,
49
Q

Impacts of underpopulation

A
  • Lack of government income,
  • Small market for goods and services
  • Under-used resources
  • Shortage of workers
50
Q

Pull factor of internal migration

A

Low crime rate​

High employment, wages, lots of jobs​

Access to safe drinking water and food​

Better education and medical facilities

51
Q

Push factor of internal migration

A

Overpopulation, lack of jobs, low wages​

Lack of clean water = diseases​

Lack of services (education/healthcare) ​

Natural disasters, wars

52
Q

Causes of underpopulation ( What makes underpopulation )

A
  • Very large landmass,
  • Extreme climate (uninhabitable)
  • High incomes,
  • Lower birth rates and longer life expectancies),
53
Q

International migration ( push factors of source country - Mexico )

A
  • Poor medical facilities – 2000 per doctor​
  • 40% unemployed​
  • Low paid jobs – GNI per capita – $9,600
  • Very high crime rates, often related to drug crimes
54
Q

International Migration ( Pull factors of host country u.s.a)

A

Excellent medical facilities – 400 people per doctor​

  • Adult literacy rates – 99%​
  • Lots of jobs available through a range of industries and services​
55
Q

International migration ( Impacts of source country - Mexico )

A
  • Villages such as Santa Ines have lost 2/3 of its economically active population​
  • Over $40bn is sent back to Mexico as remittances​
  • Lack of young couples have reduced the fertility rate to 2.1​
  • 7000 died illegally crossing the border (record 224 in 2020) = emotional and mental stress for families
56
Q

International migration ( Impacts of host country u.s.a )

A

Illegal immigration costs the USA approximately $54bn a year​

  • Mexican migrants work at very low wages ($1870 compared to $3714) – Locals are priced out of jobs​
    ( Có nghĩa là do người Mexico làm việc với một mức lương thấp cho nên người mỹ sẽ không được thuê và thất nghiệp hoặc là họ sẽ cũng phải làm việc ở mức lương đó )
  • Mexican culture has enriched US states with food, language and music, creating jobs.
  • Legal migrants work and pay taxes to the government​
57
Q

Facts about Bangladesh

A

162 millions people - 8th highest in the world

High birthrate - 18.1 /1000

Lower death rate - 5.5 / 1000

Life expectancy is improving - 72 years old

Population is naturally increasing ( 2.18 % )

Most people in Bangladesh live in central areas

Fewer people live in northern central areas

58
Q

Why is Bangladesh so densely populated ?

A

This is because, it has :

                    - High birth rate
                    - Lower death rate 
                    - Life expectancy is 72 and improving 
                    - Population is naturally increasing
                    - ( Physical factor ) It has low lying land, surrounded by floodplains which is fertile soil for crops
                   - ( Social ) Rural urban migration due to higher wages and better access to services in Dhaka 
                    - ( Economic ) Lots of job opportunities, 42.7% work in agriculture 
                    - ( Political ) Stable government and economic growth of 7.3% per year
59
Q

Why is Bangladesh over-populated?

A
  • Lower death rates - High birth rates, death rates reduce and longer life expectancy means that the population is naturally increasing.
    ( Tỉ lệ sinh sản cao,tỉ lệ chết giảm và tuổi thọ trung bình dài hơn cho nên dân số đang phát triển một cách tự nhiên )
  • Education for woman is low - Average length of education is 12 years old - So woman cannot get well paid jobs, they have to marry earlier and dependent on husbands for income
    ( Người phụ nữ trung bình chỉ học tới 12 tuổi ( lớp 7) cho nên họ không thể tìm được việc làm với mức lương cao, họ phải cưới sớm hơn và đương nhiên họ sẽ phải phụ thuộc vào thu nhập của chồng )
  • 89% are Muslim ( đạo hồi ) - The leaders don’t allow people to use contraception, meaning more unplanned pregnancies
60
Q

What are the problems/consequences of overpopulation ?

A
  • Traffic congestion in Dhaka city - 38,000 more cars are added annually, putting pressure on infrastructure( roads, transport ) as well as increase air pollution
  • Deforestation for natural resources - Resources are used for construction and building which can increase soil erosion, making flood worse
  • More pressure on services and infrastructure ( healthcare, transport, education, housing)
61
Q

Australia facts

A
  • Population : 25 millions
  • Life expectancy - 82 years
  • Fertility rate - 1.74 per woman
  • Average age of first marriage : 28.7
  • It population distribution is uneven
  • People concentrated along the east coast
  • Very few people live in central areas
62
Q

Why is Australia so sparsely populated ?

A

Physical factor : Extreme climate - hot and dry so lack of water, infertile land for crops. Its is 6th largest country in the world( 7.7 millions km2) small population compare to the landmass ( dân số nhở so với diện tích đất )

  • Social : There are more cities along the coast with greater job opportunities.

Economic : Rural to urban migration - 89% live in urban areas – better access to jobs

Political : Strict immigration controls discourage mass immigration, keeping the population low.

63
Q

Why Australia under-populated ?

A
  • Huge landmass relative to population ( Diện tích đất lớn hơn nhiều so với dân số )
  • 20% Australia areas are desert. They are uninhabitable
  • 95% of the population have access to and use contraception
64
Q

What are the problems of under - population?

A
  • Fewer economically active population. There is shortage of 2.3 millions of workers to support dependents( người già, trẻ em )
  • Fewer taxes go to the government to re-invest in infrastructure.
  • Reliance( phụ thuộc ) on exports which are worth $220bn a year to the economy.

PCT1 revision (12 decks)

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