Definition

Question 1

Discharge

Answer 1

The amount of water / volume a river is carrying

Question 2

Groundwater flow

Answer 2

Very slow water movement deep below the ground

Question 3

Infiltration

Answer 3

When surface water is absorbed into the soil

Question 4

Interception

Answer 4

When water droplets collect on trees and plants

Question 5

Throughflow

Answer 5

Movement of water downhill through the soil

Question 6

Surface run off

Answer 6

The movement of water across the land

Question 7

Percolation

Answer 7

Water moving downwards through the soil into rocks below

Question 8

Transpiration

Answer 8

Water vapour released by trees and plants

Question 9

Hard engineering

Answer 9

Building of artificial structures to reduce, disrupt or stop the impact of river processes

Question 10

Flood

Answer 10

Occurs when river discharge exceeds river channel capacity and water spills over the floodplain

Question 11

Soft engineering

Answer 11

The use of the natural environment surrounding the river to work with the natural processes

Question 12

Dam and reservoirs

Answer 12

Large structures which regulate (control) river flow. high rainfall = water can be stored in the reservoir (big lake). It can then be released when the rainfall is low

Question 13

Embankments

Answer 13

Raised river banks. Raising the level = river channel can hold more water before flooding

Question 14

Flood relief channels

Answer 14

A manmade river channel constructed to by-pass (go around) an urban area. High rainfall = sluice gates (barriers which control water flow) open to allow excess water to flow away into the flood relief channel and reduce the threat of flooding

Question 15

Channel straightening

Answer 15

Cutting through meanders to create a straight channel. This speeds up the flow of water along the river so it passes through a location quickly, reducing the risk of flooding.

Question 16

Flood plain zoning

Answer 16

This involves putting building restrictions (rules) in place on floodplains that are at risk of flooding. Areas at risk can be kept clear of building impermeable surfaces.

Question 17

Flood warnings

Answer 17

Developing a system of alerting people to the risk of flooding.People then have time to plan, prepare or even evacuate if a flood is likely to occur.

Question 18

Planting trees

Answer 18

Planting more trees helps to increase the amount of interception and transpiration. They help to slow down the time it takes for water to enter a river.

Question 19

River restoration

Answer 19

Where the course of a river has been changed artificially, it can be restored to its original course. This reduces the discharge of the river, making it less likely to flood.

Question 20

Silt

Answer 20

Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment, especially in a channel or harbor.
( Phù sa )

Question 21

Alluvium

Answer 21

A deposit of clay, silt, sand, and gravel left by flowing streams in a river valley or delta, typically producing fertile soil.

( Đất bồi )