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A Level > Geography - Globalisation > Flashcards

Geography - Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of low-wage economic migration to Dubai?

A

They think they can earn more money in a big city like Dubai. They can also send remittance payments back home.

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2
Q

What are the costs of low-wage economic migration to Dubai?

A

‘Cultural erosion’ from many foreigners living in that area
People are on very low wages
Housing shortages

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3
Q

What are the benefits of low-wage economic migration to Dubai?

A

Many low wage workers for companies
Remittances help the people the money is sent to
8.9% of people in the Philippines receive remittances

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4
Q

How do open borders lead to cultural mixing?

A

People are free to move between countries. 250,000 French people living in London in 2015

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5
Q

How does deregulation result in cultural mixing?

A

Foreign companies set up in the uk and bring foreign staff with them. Americans work for CitiGroup in londons Canary Wharf

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6
Q

How does FDI encourage cultural mixing?

A

It attracts jobs from overseas companies. In 2015 the uk attracted 32,000 jobs rom foreign companies working in software and financial services. The uk was Americas first choice for European project investment by US companies in 2015

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7
Q

how do TNCs contribute to globalisation?

A

GLOCALISATION:

  • adapt their products to suit traditions of other countries.
  • this means that the company is popular in foreign companies.
  • BMW make right-hand drive cars for the UK.

GLOBAL PRODUCTION NETWORKS:

  • it allows TNCs to station factories in many parts of the world.
  • they expand into different countries, such as apple in China.

DEVELOPMENT OF NEW MARKETS:

  • companies invest in new markets to make profit.
  • the opening of new markets such as china encourages new businesses to invest in it.
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8
Q

how does the KOF index measure globalisation and what are the advantages and disadvantages.

A

it measures economic, social and political globalisation.

ADVANTAGES:

  • measures foreign relations
  • includes amount of FDI invested

DISADVANTAGES:

  • only measures Ikea and mcdonalds, not a range of companies.
  • can’t measur immigration by looking at TNCs.
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9
Q

what is the global shift?

A

the movement of industry from a developed country to a less developed countries.

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10
Q

what are the benefits of the global shift in china?

A

INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT:

  • developed the world’s largest rail network.
  • total of 250 airports.

WAGED WORK:
-urban economies in china have increased since 2006 and 10% since 2005

POVERTY REDUCTION:

  • 300 million chinese people are now classed as middle class.
  • between 1971 and 2010, china reduced the number of people living in poverty by 680 million.

EDUCATION + TRAINING:
-education is free and compulsory for children aged 6-15. this creates a skilled workforce.

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11
Q

what are the costs of the global shift in China?

A

UNPLANNED SETTLEMENTS:

  • decent housing in cities is not affordable.
  • farmland is privately developed for housing without permission.

LOSS OF PRODUCTIVE LAND:

  • 40% of china’s farmland suffers from degradation.
  • china only has 6.4% of its land and 7.2% of that land is used for farming.
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12
Q

how are developed countries affected by deindustrialisation?

A

-deindustrialisation results in job loss and dereliction and depopulation.

NEWCASTLE:
-population fell by 12% in the 1970s and another 6% in the 1990s

CORNWALL:
-St. Austell china clay mine closed down, eden project put in its place/

GLASGOW:
-shipyards fell into disrepair as work shifted to the far east.

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13
Q

how have developments in transport led to globalisation? (trains, steam ships, jet aircraft, containerisation, telegraph)

A

trains: faster than by carriage, cross country

steam ships: slow but hold lots of goods, international.

telegraph: morse code, transmit signals along a wire, quicker than sending a letter.

jet aircraft: faster than the train, international, mostly used for migration and tourism but can also transport perishable goods.

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14
Q

how has electronic banking to cheaper connectedness and space-time compression?

A

you can check your balance anywhere and it’s quicker and cheaper than going to the bank.

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15
Q

how has social networking led to cheaper connectedness and space-time compression?

A

quicker than sending letters and it’s free.

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16
Q

how has the internet led to cheaper connectedness and space-time compression?

A

cheaper and quicker to obtain information than buying books.

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17
Q

how has fibre-optic broadband led to cheaper connectedness and space-time compression?

A

faster and quicker than buying books. very fast

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18
Q

how have mobile phones led to cheaper connectedness and space-time compression?

A

instant and it’s cheaper than writing a letter.

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19
Q

how is Zambia a winner and loser of globalisation?

A

WINNER

  • china gave them money to build new railways.
  • $20 billion in FDI
  • 2 railways built to help manufacture copper.

LOSER

  • farmers don’t get subsidies.
  • privatisation puts more rules in place and it’s difficult to follow regulations.
20
Q

how is china a winner and loser of globalisation?

A

WINNER

  • people get jobs in factories
  • 7.2 million graduates in china
  • 250 airports in the country
  • families get money in cities

LOSER

  • earn less than $2 a day
  • 12 million tonnes of corn lost in 2014
21
Q

how is the UK a winner and loser of globalisation?

A

WINNER

  • attracts FDI from European countries
  • connected place, European financial centre
  • speak English, international language

LOSER

  • mines in the north east closed
  • 8.6% of people in sunderland unemployed as a result
22
Q

what is a megacity?

A
  • population of over 10 million people

- global significance

23
Q

what causes megacities?

A
  • migration: people move for work from rural areas

- natural increase: birth rate exceeds death toll.

24
Q

what are the problems faced by megacities?

A
  • slum housing
  • low wage migration - people are exploited
  • pollution as more people have cars etc.
  • urban sprawl destroys the environment
25
Q

what are hub cities?

A

cities with a major influence based on: finance, law, political strength, innovation and ICT.

26
Q

what are the causes, costs and benefits of Russian oligarchs migrating to London?

A

CAUSES

  • businesspeople become rich from soviet-era industry
  • buy houses in the wealthiest boroughs of London

COSTS

  • areas lose their identity (londongrad)
  • they take up housing in both countries
  • increase in house prices due to high demand

BENEFITS

  • combined amount of loans and bonds raised by Russian business owners between 2004 and 2013 was over £250 billion.
  • uk banks charge fees of up to 3% for amounts borrowed so they get more money.
27
Q

what does the international monetary fund do?

A

-wealthy countries donate money to the IMF to be spent on investment in developing economies etc.

28
Q

how has globalisation affected the culture of people in asia?

A
  • diets are changing from rice to a more meat-based diet as a result of westernisation.
  • people move towards supermarkets and fast food chains.
  • people move towards a more diverse diet.
29
Q

how has the cultural shift in asia affected the environment?

A
  • energy consumption along with food miles has a negative effect for the environment.
  • animal farming requires lots of space, deforestation
  • farmers use chemicals such as pesticides.
30
Q

how has the Paralympics helped disadvantaged groups?

A

the Paralympics started when Dr. Lutwig Guttmann of stoke Mandeville hospital hosted a sports competition for world war 2 veterans with spinal injuries.

31
Q

how do open borders lead to cultural mixing?

A
  • people have the freedom to move to different countries
  • the free movement of people in the EU resulted on 250,000 French people moving into the UK in 2015.
  • French culture mixes with british culture.
32
Q

how does deregulation lead to cultural mixing?

A
  • foreign businesses set up in the UK and bring foreign workers with them.
  • americans work for CitiGroup in canary wharf
  • people of different cultures are working in the same countries.
33
Q

how does FDI result in cultural mixing?

A
  • it attracts jobs from overseas countries.
  • in 2015, the UK attracted 32,000 jobs from foreign countries investing in software and financial services.
  • the UK was the first choice for European project investments by US companies in 2015
34
Q

how has our culturally mixed society led to extremism?

A
  • difference in cultures
  • right-wing groups oppose migrants.
  • there may also be extremism in migrants as they feel discriminated against and targeted.
35
Q

why are TNCs in support of globalisation?

A

-they’re able to make profit by expanding their production into different countries.

36
Q

why is the UK government in support of globalisation?

A

trade is beneficial and migrants are needed to fill skill shortages in the country.

37
Q

why is the north korean government against globaisation?

A

it’s communist country so it values traditions. this means that it doesn’t want its citizens to be exposed to other countries.

38
Q

how does Nike contribute to globalisation in east Asia?

A
  • nike takes advantage of economic liberalistion as they build factories in china, where there are no regulations on how workers are paid.
  • HQ is located in america, which is a high income country. Factories are in developing countries, higher ranking jobs are in developed countries.
  • vietnam has the greatest number of workers (312,000).
  • china has the greatest number of factories (195)
39
Q

how does the french government control globalisation?`

A
  • ‘le exception culturelle’
  • restricts imports of media
  • 40% of songs on the radio are french.
  • stops cultural erosion, keeping language and tradition alive.
40
Q

how does the Japanese government control globalisation?

A
  • they want to protect traditions as they have an ageing population
  • strict rules and regulations on who can enter and leave the country
  • not much cultural diffusion
  • limits FDI and offshoring
41
Q

what is deregulation?

A

the reduction or elimination of a government power in a particular industry.

42
Q

what is free market liberalisation?

A

the lessening of government rules and restrictions in an economy in exchange for greater participation by private companies.

43
Q

how can the environmental effects of globalisation be managed?

A
  • local sourcing: using products/resources from the local area. it results in less pollution as there’s less food miles.
  • ethical consumption: buying something from an ethical provider. fairtrade is an example of this, it doesn’t exploit people and
  • recycling: turning an old product into a new one, beneficial for the environment as it reduces pollution as it doesn’t require as much energy and doesn’t involve the extraction of raw materials.
  • transition towns: communities that seek to reduce carbon footprint and increase resilience.
44
Q

give an example of a transition town and how it reduces carbon footprint and increases resilience.

A

TOTNES

  • introduced the totnes pound, this is only available in totnes.
  • it promotes local businesses and shops.
  • it helps the local economy and promotes local sourcing, which reduces pollution.
45
Q

how does fairtrade promote sustainability

A
  • the minimum price provides farmers with a safety net against price volatility.
  • fairtrade standards aim to protect worker’s rights through pushing employers to bridge the gap between actual pay and the cost of living.
  • encourages farmers to switch to environmentally friendly practices.

A Level (36 decks)

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