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A Level > Geography - Dynamic Landscapes CASE STUDIES > Flashcards

Geography - Dynamic Landscapes CASE STUDIES Flashcards

1
Q

how many died in total as a result of the indian ocean tsunami?

A

290,000

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2
Q

what was the magnitude of the indian ocean earthquake which caused the tsunami?

A

9.0

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3
Q

by how many metres did the fault block rise in the indian ocean?

A

15 metres

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4
Q

how many were left homeless as a result of the indian ocean tsunami?

A

1.7 million

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5
Q

why was the indian ocean tsunami so destructive?

A
  • epicentre close to densely populated communities.
  • low-lying coastlines.
  • mangrove forests deforested.
  • no DART or early warning system
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6
Q

what were the main impacts of the indian ocean tsunami?

A
  • 1500 coastal villages destroyed.
  • 60% of the fishing fleet in Sri Lanka was destroyed.
  • economic cost came to over $10 billion
  • 290,000 died
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7
Q

what was the magnitude of the Haiti earthquake?

A

7.0

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8
Q

how many died as a result of the Haiti earthquake?

A

200,000

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9
Q

why was Haiti so vulnerable?

A
  • poor country with limited infrastructure
  • poor capacity to cope.
  • hadn’t yet developed from the hurricane in 2008
  • poorest country in the western hemisphere.
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10
Q

what were the immediate impacts of the Haiti earthquake

A
  • 70% of the buildings in Port-au-Prince collapsed, including the presidential palace.
  • nearly 100 UN personnel were killed which slowed rescue efforts.
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11
Q

how did the cholera outbreak slow the recovery from the Haiti earthquake?

A
  • 6,900 deaths.

- it could’ve been prevented but efforts were pointed towards slowing the spread of cholera.

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12
Q

how many died as a result of the Sichuan earthquake?

A

87,000

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13
Q

what was the magnitude of the Sichuan earthquake?

A

7.9

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14
Q

how did poor governance lead to more losses due to the Sichuan earthquake?

A
  • there’s a strict building code in china, all buildings must adhere to these rules.
  • builders bribed corrupt councillors so that they didn’t have to add earthquake proofing to buildings.
  • many schools etc. collapsed as they weren’t built well enough.
  • this resulted in 5.36 million buildings collapsing.
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15
Q

how were rescue efforts in Sichuan hindered?

A
  • mountainous region

- 5,300km of roads and bridges damaged/destroyed

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16
Q

what was the magnitude of the Japanese 2011 tsunami?

A

9.0

17
Q

how many people died as a result of the Japanese 2011 tsunami?

A

18,000

18
Q

what were the primary effects of the Japanese 2011 earthquake?
(+ explain)

A
  • ground shaking: some parts of japan shifted 2.4m further east.
  • ground subsidence: ground subsided by 1m, rendering 10m high sea walls useless.
  • liquefaction: buildings in Tokyo damaged.
19
Q

what were the secondary effects of the Japanese 2011 earthquake?

A
  • tsunami: caused by 5-8m high upthrust along a 180km section of the sea floor.
  • flooding: massive coastal flooding as a result of the tsunami.
20
Q

what was the immediate response to the fukushima meltdown?

A
  • 20km exclusion zone
  • cool and stabilise reactors
  • contamination of surrounding area contained
21
Q

how many farm animals died as a result of the Sichuan earthquake?

A

32 million

22
Q

how can volcanic activity be measured in order to predict an eruption?

A
  • observing changes in ground temp. and composition of volcanic gases.
  • monitoring seismic activity
  • measuring ground deformation
  • studying past patterns of volcanic activity
23
Q

what were the impacts of the eyjafjallajokull eruption?

A

-flooding: jokulhaup caused flooding. 800 local people were evacuated.
-disruption to farming: drinking water poisoned due to ash. Ash falls damaged vegetation but made the soil more fertile in the long term
-airport closure: ash fall closed airports in Iceland for several days
-decline in air quality: schools in southern Iceland closed, people told to stay indoors. Those with asthma told to be vigilant, some experienced minor health problems such as eye irritations and sore throats.
-mudslides (lahars): ash mixed with meltwater caused lahars.
-

24
Q

what are the social impacts of the montserrat eruption?

A
  • 8000 people left the island
  • 19 people died when they returned to their homes in 1977
  • 5000 people had to live in shelters
  • 60% of the island uninhabitable
25
Q

what were the economic impacts of the montserrat eruption

A
  • decline in the tourist industry
  • 2 major airports destroyed
  • capital covered in ash
  • unemployment up to 50%
  • UK gave £75m to help develop infrastructure
26
Q

how was the montserrat eruption managed?

A
  • seismograph network around the volcano.
  • GPS system checks for ground movements
  • COSPEC measured emissions from the volcano
  • rainwater pH measured
  • volcano observatory built
27
Q

COASTAL LANDSLIDE CASE STUDY
Oxwich bay, South Wales

  • date
  • type of mass movement
  • geology
  • cause
A
  • 2009
  • rock fall
  • discordant coastline made mainly of resistant limestone and weaker mudstone. bedding planes dip seaward.
  • freezing temperatures lead to frost shattering, causing joints in the limestone to increase by 9%. large boulders of limestone then fell under the influence of gravity.
28
Q

what effect does geology have on the holderness coast?

A
  • it mainly consists of bounder clay, which isn’t very resistant.
  • boulder clay leads to shallow, sloping cliffs
  • differential erosion results in landforms such as flamborough head where there are chalk cliffs.
29
Q

what effect does fetch have the holderness coast?

A
  • currents result in destructive waves along this coastline
  • low pressure weather systems across the north sea are intense, producing locally strong winds and waves.
  • the sea floor is deep along holderness so there’s not much friction between waves and the sea bed.
30
Q

how so subaerial processes effect the holderness coast?

A

-slumping: the alternate wetting and drying of clay causes expansion and shrinkage. this makes the cliff more porous when it rains.

31
Q

how has managed retreat been used in happisburgh?

A
  • coastal defences along 600m of the coastline
  • defences are expensive so a ‘roll back’ strategy has been used to create a buffer between the eroding cliff and the local villages.
  • lobbying by the CCAG has caused this plan to be implemented
32
Q

how is Australia at risk from flooding in the future

A
  • 1m rise in sea level would cause $162b in business loss and $67b in infrastructure.
  • would also cause 8% of workforce to be unemployed.
  • 65,000 homes at risk in NSW.
  • great barrier reef at risk.
33
Q

how has Thailand used a sustainable method of coastal defence?

A

2014, over 2 million mangroves planed in 70 villages.

A Level (36 decks)

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