Geography END OF YEAR EXAM Revision Flashcards
Magnitude
How large an event is
Difference between natural event and natural hazard
Natural hazards carry a risk to life, natural events don’t
Frequency
How often an event occurs
Focus
Point underground where the earthquake starts
Epicentre
Point on the surface where the most damage will be caused from the earthquake
Seismometer
Machine that measures the shaking of the ground from an earthquake
Constructive Boundary
Where two tectonic plates move apart
Destructive Boundary
Where two tectonic plates move together, usually an oceanic and a continental, where the oceanic slips below the continental plate (subduction)
Conservative Boundary
Where two tectonic plates slide past each other
Hazard risk
The probability that a hazard will take place
Natural factors
Natural factors, that effect hazard risk
Inner core temp
7000°C
Outer core temp
4000°C
Mantle temp
1000°C
Convection currents in the mantle: Step 1
Rock in the mantle is heated up
Convection currents in the mantle: Step 2
Heated rock rises as it is less dense
Convection currents in the mantle: Step 3
The semi molten rock spreads out, moving the tectonic plates
Convection currents in the mantle: Step 4
The rock cools and sinks back down towards the core
Oceanic crust rock type
Basalt
Continental crust rock type
Granite
Which is more dense? Oceanic Crust or Continental Crust
Oceanic
Which is renewable and can be destroyed? Oceanic Crust or continental Crust
Oceanic
Which is deeper? Oceanic crust or Continental
Continental
Destructive plate boundary landforms and hazards
Volcanoes, earthquakes and oceanic trenches
Constructive plate boundaries landforms and hazards
Small volcanoes and oceanic ridges
Conservative plate boundary landforms and hazards
Earthquakes, but NO LANDFORMS
Destructive plate boundary example
Pacific ring of fire
Constructive plate boundary example
Mid Atlantic ridge
Conservative plate boundary example
San Andreas fault
Conservative Boundary Earthquakes happen when…
Two plates slide next to each other in opposite directions, until they get stuck. Pressure builds up until one plate gives way releasing seismic waves causing an earthquake.
Richter Scale
Logarithmic scale measuring the amount of energy released by an earthquake
Mercalli Scale
Scale for earthquakes based on a description NOT ENERGY released
Primary effects
Direct results of the event eg. Buildings collapse
Secondary effects
Results of primary effects eg. Homelessness
Christchurch earthquake basic info
2011, 6.3 on Richter Scale, destructive plate boundary
Christchurch earthquake effects
185 dead, 4000 injured, 50% of buildings in the city centre severely damaged, 100s km of sewage pipes destroyed, 10,000 homeless
Nepal earthquake responses
15,000 temporary learning centres, millions on litres of water provided, Facebook safety check
Nepal earthquake basic info
2015, 7.9 Richter Scale, Poor country - not prepared
Nepal earthquake effects
8,000 deaths, 14,500 injured,130k homes destroyed, 28 million homeless
Positives of living near high risk zones
Near minerals, source of tourism, fertile soil, geothermal energy
Tiltmeter
Checks for movement in the rocks
Building protection for earthquakes
Steel frames, deep foundations, automatic window shutters, rubber shock absorbers
Safe building shapes
Pyramids and domes
Type of mountain from destructive plate boundaries (only collision)
Fold mountains
Christchurch plate boundary is between
Australian plate and Pacific Plate
Globalisation
Process through which the world appears to become increasingly interconnected
Shrinking World
Idea that the world feels increasingly smaller
TNC
Trans National Company
HIC
High income country
LIC
Low income country
Primary Sector
Type of employment that involves the extraction of raw materials
Secondary sector
Type of employment which involves turning raw materials into a product (manufacturing)
Tertiary sector
Type of employment which is high paid and focused on delivering a service
NEE
Newly emerging economy
Aid
Movement of money and/or resources from one place to another to help the revciever
MDGs
Millennium Development Goals
Example of globalisation: Wimbledon Tennis Ball
10 different countries contributed into making each tennis ball, rather than one country manufacturing it alone
Why do countries import materials and manufacture goods from/in other countries
Lack of resources in their own countries, cheaper labour, lack of willing workers in their own country
Reasons why the world seems smaller
People are more connected through technology, people can travel further and faster, higher global population, everywhere on Earth has been discovered
Nike case study, facts before exposure
Wage: 65p a day, used chemicals that can cause cancer, untrained workers with dangerous machinery, 16 hours a day, 7 days a week
Nike case study, facts after exposure
100 people monitoring conditions, public findings, free meals, still bad pay, still overtime hours
Positives of TNCs
Provides jobs and new skills, more money spent into the economy, local companies benefit from increased orders
Negatives of TNCs
Workers sometimes poorly paid, sometimes poor working conditions, local businesses suffer from loss of customers
Interdependence
Countries relying on each other to provide goods, money, people or services
Positives of globalisation
Allows customers in HICs to have lots of stuff at lower prices, allows TNCs to exist, allows trade between countries and governments, social media, Google/instant knowledge, quicker advancements in technology, shrinking world
Negatives of globalisation
Not always good for the environment, smaller companies cannot compete with TNCs, cheap labour, bad working conditions, everywhere is the same
Fairtrade
An organisation the helps workers in the primary sector, get the money they deserve for their goods
Why trade globally
Cheaper, wider range of products, weather guarantee
Shipping containers allowed…
More products to be traded faster, since before containerisation things were transported in boxes and barrels, which took up lots of time.
2 examples of aid
Emergency aid, Bilateral aid
Negatives of aid
Could lead to dependence on aid by receivers, the wrong aid can be sent, meaning money is spent on stuff that isn’t needed
List of MDGs
- Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
- Achieve universal primary education
- Promote gender equality and empower women
- Reduce child mortality
- Improve maternal health
- Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases
- Ensure environmental sustainability
- Develop a global partnership for development
Goal 4 involved reducing the ??? by ???.
Under 5 mortality rate by two thirds
MDG Goal 4 was ??? since ??? in 2019
not met, 5.2 million children died
Natural Hazard
A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction and death
Mantle
Semi-molten part of Earth’s structure below the crust
Coriolis effect
The effect that causes tropical storms to spin and move away from the equator
Tectonic hazard examples
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis
Atmospheric hazard examples
Hurricanes, heat waves, flooding, drought
Geomorphical hazard example
Landslides
High pressure
When the air is sinking
Low pressure
When the air rises
Air moves from ??? to ??? pressure
High, low
Hurricane Katrina primary effects
1,500 deaths, thousands of homes destroyed, 3 million people without electricity
Hurricane Katrina secondary effects
$300 billion to repair, criminals looted homes, tourism badly affected
Hurricane Katrina basic info
Category 4, started August 24th 2005, there was an evacuation - but it was slow
The centre of a tropical storm
The eye
Barrier surrounding the eye of a tropical storm
Eye wall
Tropical storms rotate…
Clockwise
Typhoon Haiyan basic info
Most powerful storm to hit land ever, November 2013, category 5, wind speeds of 275km/h
Typhoon Haiyan primary effects
6,500 killed, 90% of Tacloban destroyed, 30,000 fishing boats destroyed
Typhoon Haiyan secondary effects
14 million affected, 6 million jobs lost, looting and violence in Tacloban
Typhoon Haiyan responses
‘Cash for work’ programmes put in place (people are paid to clear up debris and rebuild buildings), permanent shelters build for future storms
Extreme weather
When weather is significantly different from the average or usual weather pattern
Weather
Current conditions in a certain place
Climate
Average weather experienced over 30 years or more
Types of UK weather hazards
Prolonged rain, heavy snowfall, strong winds, thunderstorms, drought/heat wave
Why is the amount of tropical storms that happen increasing?
As the global temperature rises, the ocean temperature rises, so that it is at the right temperature for a tropical storm to happen more often
The Beast from the East basic info
February-March 2018, came from Russia, met storm Emma which made conditions worse
The Beast from the East effects
10 deaths, 70mph winds, hundreds stranded on motorways for up to 36 hours, thousands of homes without power
