Biology END OF YEAR EXAM Revision Flashcards
1
Q
Eyepiece
A
What you look through in a microscope
2
Q
Stage
A
The platform where the slide is placed on a microscope
3
Q
Low power objective lens
A
Small lens with low magnifying power
4
Q
High power objective lens
A
Large lens with high magnifying power
5
Q
Stage clips
A
Metal clips that hold a slide securely onto the stage on a microscope
6
Q
Inclination joint
A
An adjustable joint that lets the arm tilt at various angles on a microscope
7
Q
What are the two types of focus wheel on a microscope
A
Fine focus wheel, coarse focus wheel
8
Q
Diaphragm (microscope)
A
An adjustable opening under the stage allowing different amounts of light onto the stage
9
Q
Two types of microscope
A
Light microscope, electron microscope
10
Q
Ribosome function
A
Make proteins
11
Q
Cytoplasm is where…
A
…chemical reactions take place
12
Q
Nucleus contains…
A
DNA
13
Q
Mitochondria is where…
A
…respiration takes place
14
Q
Cell membrane function
A
Controls what goes in and out of the cell
15
Q
Chloroplast function
A
Photosynthesis
16
Q
Cell wall function
A
Surrounds and protects the cell
17
Q
Red blood cell function
A
Carry oxygen around the body
18
Q
Red blood cell adaptations
A
Contains haemoglobin, no nucleus, large surface area
19
Q
White blood cell function
A
Part of the immune system, fights diseases
20
Q
White blood cell adaptation
A
Irregular shape to squeeze through blood vessels
21
Q
Skin cell function
A
Creates a barrier between the body and the rest of the world
22
Q
Skin cell adaptation
A
Creates keratin
23
Q
Magnification =
A
Measured size
——————-
Actual size
24
Q
Actual size =
A
Measured size
——————-
Magnification
25
Features of an animal cell
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes
26
Features of a plant cell
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, vacuole
27
Features of a bacteria cell
Cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell wall, slime capsule, flagella, plasmids, genetic material (not in nucleus), pili
28
Slime capsule function
Protects bacteria against antibiotics
29
Flagella function
Helps with movement
30
Plasmid function
Contains DNA
31
Pili function
Helps the cell to attach to other things
32
Catalyst
Speeds up chemical reactions
33
Enzyme
Biological catalyst
34
Salivary gland
Produces saliva, contains enzymes
35
Oesophagus
Carries food from mouth to stomach
36
Stomach
Churns food
37
Pancreas
Produces enzymes
38
Liver
Helps break down fats and old blood cells
39
Gallbladder
Produces bile
40
Small Intestine
Absorbs small food particles
41
Large intestine
Absorbs excess water
42
Physical digestion
Physically breaking down food eg. Teeth, stomach
43
Chemical digestion
Breaking down food with enzymes
44
Enzymes for digesting proteins
Protease
45
Enzyme for digesting fats and lipids
Lipase
46
Enzyme for digesting starch
Amalayse
47
Protease + Protein ——>
Amino Acids
48
Lipase + Fats/Lipids ——>
Fatty acid + glycerol
49
Amylase + starch ——>
Glucose
50
Rate of reaction
Amount of product produced in a certain amount of time
51
During chemical digestion, if the temperature is increased…
…so will the rate of reaction until optimum temperature is reached
52
Diffusion
When particles in a high concentration move to an area of low concentration
53
Osmosis
The diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane
54
Active transport
When particles move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, against a concentration gradient. This requires energy.
55
Order of the stages of mitosis
Prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
56
Prophase
Nucleus starts to break down and spindle fibres appear
57
Metaphase
The chromosomes are lined up on the spindle fibres across the middle of the cell
58
Anaphase
The chromosome copies are separated and moved to either end of the cell on the spindle fibres
59
Telophase
A membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to form nuclei
60
Cytokinesis
Cell surface membrane forms and cell separates
61
Phase before mitosis
Interphase
62
Interphase
Diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, which are copied forming X shapes
63
Cell formed in mitosis
Daughter cell
64
Cell at the start of mitosis
Parent cell
65
Babies are measured in…
Length, mass and head circumference
66
Babies growth is monitored on…
…percentile curves
67
25% of babies have a mass below the ??? percentile curve
25th percentile curve
68
Normal baby grown follows a…
…percentile curve
69
Animals develop from…
…a single cell
70
Mitosis results in…
…two identical cells
71
Cells can ??? to become specialised
Differentiate
72
Fat cell adaptations
Cytoplasm filled with fat droplets, stores fat until it is needed
73
Muscle cell adaptations
Has contractile proteins, allows muscles to contract
74
Nerve cell adaptations
Carries electrical impulses, connects to other neurones
75
How do cells specialise?
Stem cells divide by mitosis, then elongate and differentiate
76
Meristems
Tissue in plants containing stem cells, usually in the roots of the plants
77
Root hair cell adaptations
Large surface area, many tiny hairs, lots of mitochondria
78
Stem cells in plants features
Divide repeatedly over a long period of time, found in meristems, can differentiate into any cell
79
Stem cells in animals features
When a fertilised egg cell divides, it contains embryonic stem cell, which can produce any kind of specialised cell. When an animal is fully developed, it can only produce the type of specialised cell in the tissue around it. This is for growth and repair.
80
Advantages of using stem cells for medical research
Treating diabetes, bone marrow transplants to treat diseases of the blood
81
Disadvantages of using stem cells for medical research
Can cause cancer, can be killed by the recipients immune system, ethical issues about using stem cells
82
Uses of stem cells
Treating patients with untreatable conditions, growing organs for transplants, medical research
83
Homeostasis
The body maintaining balance within its internal environment when faced with external changes
84
Enzymes will ??? if the temperature is too hot or cold
Denature
85
The skins role in homeostasis
Controls body temperature with hairs and sweat
86
The kidneys role in homeostasis
Gets rid of excess water and ions in urine
87
The pancreas’ role in homeostasis
Keeps body sugar levels constant
88
The lungs role in homeostasis
Releases excess water and carbon dioxide
89
Stimuli
Changes in the internal or external environment
90
Receptor
Cells that detect stimuli
91
Coordination centres…
…organise messages that come in from receptors
92
Reflex actions
Automatic actions that do not require thought
93
Order of the stages of a reflex action
Stimulus —> Receptor —> Sensory Neurone —> Central Nervous System —> Motor Neurone —> Effector —> Response
94
Electrical impulses ??? across the ??? during a reflex action
Diffuse, synapse
95
3 main parts of the brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
96
The cerebrum has two ??? separates by the ???
Hemispheres (left and right), corpus callosum
97
Corpus callosum role
Hold cerebrum hemispheres together, conducts impulses from one side of the brain to the other
98
Cerebellum role
Controls movement, muscle tone, posture and balance
99
Medulla Oblongata
Controls vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, heat rate, breathing and blood pressure
100
Retina
Photoreceptive layer of the eye
101
Optic nerve
Transmits impulses to the brain
102
Iris
Controls size of the pupil
103
Cornea
Where the most refraction of light occurs
104
Lens
Changes it’s shape to focus
105
Pupil gets ??? In dim light and ??? in bright light
Bigger, smaller
106
Accommodating
Using the eye to focus light rays onto the retina
107
Which two places does the light react in our eyes
Cornea then the lens
