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Correl 2 > Geochemistry part 1 > Flashcards

Geochemistry part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Study of the nature and distribution of chemical elements in rocks and minerals

A

Geochemistry

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2
Q

geochemist who used the word “geochemistry” in his book, data of geochemistry

A

Frank W. Clarke

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3
Q

Father of Modern Geochemistry and crystal chemistry; proposed the classification of minerals according to preferred hosts

A

Victor M. Goldschmidt

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4
Q

Rock-loving minerals

A

Lithophile

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5
Q

Iron-loving minerals

A

Siderophile

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6
Q

Ore-loving minerals

A

Chalcophile

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7
Q

Gas-loving mineral

A

Atmophile

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8
Q

A model of the evolution of the universe that prostulates its origin from a hot, dense mass that expanded rapidly and cooled

A

Big Bang Theory

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9
Q

Clues of the expansion of the universe

A
  • red shift (the use of doppler effect)

- cosmic microwave radiation

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10
Q

The energy of radiation produced at a specific wavelength when the universe was at temp greater than about 3000k

A

Cosmic Background Radiation

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11
Q

Hierarchy of the Universe

A 
Clusters of Galaxy
galaxy
stars, pulsars, and black holes
Planets
Satelites
Comets
Asteroids
Meteoroids
Dust particles
Molecules
Atom of H and He
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12
Q

The basic unit in heirarchy of the universe

A

Stars

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13
Q

Produced by tcontraction of interstellar gases resulting in increase in temp

A

Main Sequence Stars

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14
Q

High luminosity and high temp stars

A

Blue Giants

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15
Q

Stars less massive than the sun

A

Red Dwarfs

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16
Q

Bigger than the sun and is formed by depletion of H in the core during the main phase; the enrgy production shifted from the c ore to the outer shell

A

Red Giants

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17
Q

End stage of stellar evolution;

A

Pulsars (neutron stars), white dwarf, black hole

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18
Q

The theory that explains the complexation of material from the simple structure of H and deuterium (isotope of H)

A

Nucleosynthesis

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19
Q

Most abundant elements in the universe

A

H and He

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20
Q

The abundance of the first 50 elements decrease exponentially

A

Yaaaas

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21
Q

The elements with even atomic numbers are more abundant than their immediate neighbors with odd atomic numbers

A

Remember

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22
Q

Elements having atomic number higher than 50 are very low in abundance and do not vary appreciably with increasing atomic number

A

Ehem

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23
Q

The abundances of Li, Be, and B are anomalously low compared to other elements of low atomic number.

A

Remember natin ito

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24
Q

The abundance of Fe is notably higher than those of other elements with similar atomic numbers

A

!!!!!!!

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25
Q

Tc and Pm do not occur in the solars system because all of their isotopes are unstable and decay rapidly

A

Thechnetium

Promethium

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26
Q

Diffuse mas of interstellar gas and dust

A

The solar nebula

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27
Q

Condensates accreted to form larger bodies as a result of selective adhesion caused by electrostatic and magenetic forces

A

Planetisimals

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28
Q

Even atomic numbers are greater in abundance than odd atomic numbers

A

Oddo-Harkins effect

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29
Q

Volatile-rich planetisimal composed of water, amonia, and other volatiles

A

Cometisimals

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30
Q

Chunks of rock from space that land on earth

A

Meteorites

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31
Q

Common minerals found in meteorites

A 
Kamacite
Taenite
Pyroxene
Olivine
Plagioclase
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32
Q

Predominantly Ni-Fe alloys with minor amounts of other minerals such as troilite (FeS)

A

Iron Meteorites

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33
Q

Chiefly silicates, mostly ferromagnesians up to 1/4 metallic Ni-Fe types

A

Stone meteorites

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34
Q

Contains chondrules composed chiefly of silicates such as olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase or glass
Note: it also has the same composition as the sun’s atmosphere

A

Chondrites

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35
Q

Important type of chondrites, because it brought water to earth 4.4 b yrs ago

A 
Carbonaceous chondrites
- a diverse class of chondrites, they arre important because of the insights they provide into the early history of the solar system
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36
Q

Self-luminous gaseous spheroidal celestial body of great mass which produces energy by means of nuclear fusion reactions

A

Stars

37
Q

A stone meteorite with no chondrules and has the same composition as terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks

A

Achondrite

38
Q

Extreterrestrial olivine

A stony iron meteorite with equal proportions of pyroxene and olivine

A

Pallasites

39
Q

Contains all the mass of an atom

A

Nucleus

40
Q

How many times is the proton larger than the leectron

A

1825x

41
Q

Any of the more than 1300 different atomic forms characterized by a distinct combination of protons and neutrons

A

Nuclide

42
Q

Only 10 elements with atomic numbers. less than 27, show appreciable abundance

A

H, He, C, N, O, Ne, Mg, Si, S, FE

43
Q

Elements adjacent to He are very low in relative abundance

A

Li and Be

44
Q

Isotopes with mass numbers which are multiples of 4 (alpha particle mass number) have enhanced abundance

A

Alpha particle mass number

45
Q

Plays the crucial part of overcoming the repulsive forces between protons, thus binding the nucleus to a tight structural unit

A

Neutrons

46
Q

Refers to the number of proton in an atom of an element and serves to distinguish an element from another

A

Atomic Number (Z)

47
Q

The ave mass of atoms of an element, the number of protons and neutrons in an atom of an element

A

Atomic weight (A)

48
Q

Variation in atomic masses due to differences in the number neutrons of an element

A

Isotope

49
Q

Nuclides having constant mass number but a different atomic weight

A

Isotones

50
Q

Nuclides having the same atomic mass but different neutron number and atomic number

A

Isobars

51
Q

A region surrounding the nucleus occupied by elevtrons having approx the same energy

A

electron shell

52
Q

Charge deficiencies that result from substitution of ions of unequal charges must be compensated by a second substitution involving an ion having a different charge

A

Coupled substitution

53
Q

Ions are attached on the charged surfaces of small ions; usually displayed by clay minerals

A

Adsorption

54
Q

When minor element has the same charge and a similar atomic radius as the major eleemnt it is replacing

A

Camouflage

55
Q

When a minor element enters a crystal preferentially because it has a higher ionic potential than the ions of the major element

A

Capture

56
Q

The entry of a foreign ion that has a lower ionic potential that major ion because it has either a lower charge or a larger radius, or both;

A

Admission

57
Q

Possesses lowest potential energy possible for the mineral

A

Stable

58
Q

Possesses the highest potential enery

A

Unstable

59
Q

Requires an energy hurdle to put in the most stable form or of lower potential energy

A

Metastable

Note: due to activation energy it decides if maging stable sya or hindi

60
Q

Shows the ranges stability in pressure-temp space parameters

A

Phase diagrams

61
Q

Areas representing the range of applied pressure and temp in which a mineral may exist in his stable form

A

Stability fields

62
Q

The line separating the various stability fields and defines a restricted set of circumstances under which the separated phases coexist in equilibrium

A

Phase boundary

63
Q

Energy required for transformation to take place and is represented by the height of the energy hurdle

A

Activation energy

64
Q

Concerned on the free energy changes associated with chemical equilibrium between phases, and provides the tools for working out which mineral assemblages will be stable under which conditions

A

Thermodynamics

65
Q

Deals with the mechanics of the reactions that lead to equilibrium, and the rates at which they occur

A

Chemical Kinetics

66
Q

A part of the universe which we wish to confine attention or whose properties are under consideration

A

System

67
Q

A system that is free to exchange both matter and energy to the surrounding

A

Open system

68
Q

A system sealed with respect to the transfer of matter, but that can still exchange energies with its surrounding

A

Closed system

69
Q

System that do not exhange matter nor energy to its surrounding

A

Isolated system

70
Q

A part of the system occupying a specific volume and having uniform physical and chemical characteristic which distinguishes it from all other parts of a system

A

Phase

71
Q

Comprises the minimum number of chemical species required to specify completely the compositions of all the phase present

A

Components

72
Q

All parts of the system have the same temp; there is no transfer of heat

A

Thermal equilibrium

73
Q

The distribution of components among the phases of a system has become constant, showing no net change with time

A

Chemical equilibrium

74
Q

The diffusion rate of an element in and out of the crystal are unequal

A

Disequilibrium

75
Q

Element present the flux of atoms across the crystal boundary is the same in both directions resulting in zero flow, and no change of composition in time

A

Equilibrium

76
Q

A formula which expresses the number of phases that can coexist in mutual equilibrium, in terms of the number of components in the system and another property of the equilibrium called variance (degrees of freedom)

A

The Gibbs Phase Rule

By J. Willard Gibbs

77
Q

0 degree of freedom
Means that the three phase equilibrium assemblage completely constrains the state of the system to a particular combination of P and T

A

Invariant

78
Q

1 degree of freedom

Indicates that the state of the system is only unconstrained in one direction which is along the phase boundary

A

Univariant

79
Q

2 degrees of freedom

The pressure and temp can vary independently without upsetting the equilibrium phase

A

Divariant

80
Q

The locus of temp below which a given substance is completely solid

A

Solidus

81
Q

The temp above which a material is completely liquid, and the max temp which crystals can coexist with the melt in thermodynamics

A

Liquidus

82
Q

The point on the phase diagram where the max number of allowable phase are in equilibrium

A

Eutectic Point (invariant)

83
Q

The point on a phase where a reaction takes place between a previously precipitated phase amd the liquid to produce a new solid phase.

A

Peritectic Point

84
Q

A phase that has a composition intermediate between two other phases

A

Intermediate compound

85
Q

Melting where in a phase melts to a liquid with the same composition as the soild

A

Congruent melting

86
Q

Melting where in a phase melts to a liquid with composition different from the solid and produces a solid of different composition to the original solid

A

Incongruent Melting

87
Q

Exsolution feature formed by slow cooling

A

Widmanstatten structure

88
Q

First coined the word geochemistry

A

Friedrich Schonbeim

89
Q

Meteorites with Equal amounts of silicate and Ni-Fe alloys

A

Stony-Iron Meteorites

Correl 2 (19 decks)

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