Genitourinary Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
triamterene
A
potassium-sparing diuretic
2
Q
ethacrynic acid
A
non-sulfa loop diuretic
3
Q
metolazone
A
thiazide diuretic indicated for cirrhosis
4
Q
torsemide
A
loop diuretic
5
Q
bumetanide
A
loop diuretic
6
Q
amiloride
A
potassium sparing diuretic
7
Q
diuretic indicated for acute pulmonary edema
A
furosemide
8
Q
diuretic indicated for idiopathic hypercalciuria
A
HCTZ
9
Q
diuretic indicated for glaucoma
A
acetazolamide or mannitol
10
Q
diuretic indicated for mild to moderate CHF with expanded ECV
A
loop diuretic
11
Q
diuretic indicated in conjunction with loop or thiazide diuretics to retain potassium
A
spironolactone
12
Q
diuretic indicated for edema associated with nephrotic syndrome
A
loop diuretic or thalazone
13
Q
diuretic indicated for increased intracranial pressure
A
mannitol
14
Q
diuretic indicated for hypercalcemia
A
furosemide
15
Q
diuretic indicated for altitude sickness
A
acetazolamide
16
Q
diuretic indicated for hyperaldosteronism
A
spironolactone
17
Q
most common nephrotic syndrome in children
A
minimal change disease
18
Q
IF: granular pattern of immune complex deposition
LM: hypercellular glomeruli
A
post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
19
Q
IF: linear pattern of immune complex deposition
A
goodpasture’s syndrome
20
Q
kimmelstiel-wilson lesions
A
diabetic glomerulonephorpathy
21
Q
most common nephrotic syndrome in adults
A
membranous glomerulonephritis
22
Q
EM: loss of epithelial foot processes
A
minimal change disease
23
Q
nephrotic syndrome associated with hepatitis B
A
type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
24
Q
nephrotic syndrome associated with HIV
A
FSGS
25
anti-GBM antibodies, hematuria, and hemoptysis
goodpasture's syndrome
26
EM: subendothelial humps and tram-track appearance
type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
27
nephritis, deafness, cataracts
alport's syndrome
28
LM: crescent formation in the glomeruli
idiopathic crescentic glomerulonephritis
29
LM: segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis
FSGS
30
purpura on back fo arms and legs, abdominal pain, IgA nephropathy
henoch-schonlein purpura
31
apple-green birefringence with congo-red stain under polarized light
renal amyloidosis
32
anti-dsDNA antibodies
lupus nephritis
33
EM: spike and dome pattern of the basement membrane
membranous glomerulonephritis
34
60 year old smoker has varicocele that does not empty when recumbent, what should you be suspicious of
renal cell carcinoma
| next step: CT abdomen
35
glomerulonephritis with bilateral sensorineural deafness
alport's syndrome
36
dietary recommendations to treatment of nephrolithiasis
fluid intake, adequate dietary calcium, decrease sodium intake, decrease dietary protein and oxalate
37
young black male presents with painless hematuria
sickle cell trait
38
treatment for uric acid renal stones
alkalization of urine
39
most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in african american males
FSGS
40
medications used in treatment of wegner's granulomatosis
corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide
41
classic presentation of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
brown urine and hypertension 1-3 weeks post throat infection
42
most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with SLE
renal disease
43
defining characteristics of nephrotic syndrome
proteinuria > 3g/day, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, edema, hypertension
44
fever, rash, elevated creatinine, and eosinophilia
acute interstitial nephritis
45
biggest risk factor for renal cell carcinoma
cigarette smoke
46
5 etiologies of temporary hematuria
endometriosis, trauma, exercise, UTI, nephrolithiasis, idiopathic
47
most common location of renal stone impaction
uretero-vesicular junction
48
class of diuretic most commonly used in patietns with renal stones due to hypercalciuria and normal serum calcium level
thiazide diuretics
49
name 4 potassium sparing diuretics
spironolactone, epleranone, triamterene, amiloride
50
what size calcium renal stone has 50% likelihood of passing without surgical intervention
8-9 mm
51
volume status expected in a hyponatremic patient with thiazide diuretics
dehydration
52
volume status expected in a hyponatremic patient with SIADH
euvolemic
53
volume status expected in a hyponatremic patient with hepatic cirrhosis
volume overload
54
volume status expected in a hyponatremic patient with addison's disease
hypovolemic
55
volume status expected in a hyponatremic patient with hypothyroidism
euvolemic
56
volume status expected in a hyponatremic patient with renal failure
volume overload or euvolemic
57
volume status expected in a hyponatremic patient with psychogenic polydipsia
euvolemic
58
urine sodium and serum osmolality in SIADH
FeNa > 1
| serum osmolality < 280
59
urine sodium and serum osmolality in psychogenic polydipsia
FeNa < 1
| serum osmolality < 280
60
urine sodium and serum osmolality in thiazide use
FeNa > 1
| serum osmolality < 280
61
urine sodium and serum osmolality in alcoholism
FeNa < 1
| serum osmolality < 280
62
urine sodium and serum osmolality in hypothyroidism
FeNa > 1
| serum osmolality < 280
63
differential diagnosis for hypovolemic hyponatremia if FeNa < 1
GI losses, excessive sweating, burn victims, fluid sequestration from pancreatitis
64
differential diagnosis for hypovolemic hyponatremia if FeNa > 1
diuretic use, adrenal insufficiency, salt-losing renal disease, urinary tract obstruction
65
differential diagnosis for hypervolemic hyponatremia
FeNa < 1: CHF, nephrotic syndrome, liver failure
| FeNa > 1: renal failure
66
rapid correction with hypertonic saline can cause
central pontine myelinolysis
67
rapid correction with hypotonic saline can cause
cerebral edema
68
causes of SIADH
CNS pathology, sarcoidosis, paraneoplastic syndromes, psychiatric drugs, major surgery, pneumonia, or HIV
69
treatment of SIADH
first line: fluid restriction
| second line: loop diuretics, hypertonic saline if symptomatic, demeclocycline may help
70
causes potassium to shift out of cells (hyperkalemia)
low insulin, beta-blockers, acidosis, digoxin, and cell lysis (leukemia)
71
causes potassium to shift into cells (hypokalemia)
insulin, beta-agonists, alkalosis, cell creation/proliferation
72
diagnosis: hyponatremia, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality
SIADH
73
next step in management of patient with peaked T waves on EKG due to hyperkalemia
calcium gluconate
74
what is the most common cause of death in dialysis patients
cardiovascular disease
75
electrolyte abnormality associated with peaked T waves
hyperkalemia
76
electrolyte abnormality associated with flattened T waves
hypokalemia
77
electrolyte abnormality associated with U waves
hypokalemia
78
electrolyte abnormality associated with QT prolongation
hypocalcemia
79
electrolyte abnormality associated with QT shortening
hypercalcemia
80
characteristics of type I renal tubular acidosis
urine pH > 5.3
hypokalemia
serum bicarb can be low or elevated
81
characteristics of type II renal tubular acidosis
urine pH > 5.3
hypokalemia
serum bicarbonate is low
82
characteristics of type IV renal tubular acidosis
aldosterone deficiency
urine pH < 5.3
hyperkalemia
serum bicarbonate is normal
83
how rapidly can hypernatremia be safely corrected
no more than 12 mEq/day
84
how rapidly can hyponatremia be safely corrected
no more than 12 mEq/day
85
causes of euvolemic hyponatremia
SIADH, hypothyroidism, polydipsia, sometimes renal failure
86
treatment for nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
thiazide diuretics +/- indomethacin
| for lithium induced: amiloride
87
how are sodium levels corrected for high glucose
add 1.6 mEq/L sodium for every 100 mg/dL glucose > 100 mg/dL
88
how are total calcium levels corrected for albumin
(4 - serum albumin) x 0.8 + serum calcium
89
causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
diarrhea, sniffing glue, TPN, renal tubular acidosis, and primary adrenal failure
90
what medications are necessary in patients with end stage renal disease
anti-hypertensives, hyperlipidemia medications, glucose control, vitamin D, phosphate binders, kayexalate, erythropoietin
91
most common renal failure in multiple myeloma
toxic effect of light chain casts on renal tubules
92
most common renal failure in multiple myeloma
toxic effect of light chain casts on renal tubules
93
nephrolithiasis associated with crohn's disease
oxalate kidney stones
94
hydrocele management
observe until 12 months, most resolve
| remove surgically after 12 months to reduce risk of inguinal hernia
