Genital Tract Infections 1

Question 1

balanoposthitis

Answer 1

inflammation of the penis and prepuce

Question 2

prostatitis is more common in __

Answer 2

dogs

Question 3

the dog lacks __

Answer 3

seminal vesicles

Question 4

endometritis

Answer 4

inner most lining of the uterus inflammation -> prevents development of pregnancy

Question 5

the __ urethra in males protects against __ infections of the prostate

Answer 5

long, retrograde

Question 6

how is estrogen a non-immunological host defense?

Answer 6

increases blood supply to the vagina and uterus with increased myometrial activity, numbers of PMNs in the cervix and uterus and myeloperoxidase activity of phagocytic cells in the genital tract

Question 7

What allows infections to occur?

Answer 7

1. anatomy
2. hormones and pathology
3. other

Question 8

how does anatomy allow agents to produce disease? whats an example in mares?

Answer 8

conformational defects that include sinking of the vagina in the older mare. This leads to increased vaginal pooling of urine, pneumovagina or cervial incompetency. Treat this condition with a caslicks procedure

Question 9

how do hormones allow agents to produce disease in the genital tract?

Answer 9

during the luteal phase progesterone is produced which depresses phagocytosis, oxidative killing, and decreases myometrial activity resulting in retained pathogens.

Question 10

how does e-coli cause infection during the luteal phase?

Answer 10

receptors for e. coli are expressed, which may allow colonization by strains of e-coli expressing appropriate adhesions which can lead to colonization and development of infections

Question 11

older bitches may develop ___ in the presence of progesterone and e-coli. Repetitive hormone cycles cause __ and __ that makes a nice environment for bacterial proliferation after ascension into the uterus

Answer 11

Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia, endometrial thickening and cysts

Question 12

__ during parturition, retained __ and nutrition can also help agents to produce disease in the genital tract

Answer 12

trauma and fetal membranes

Question 13

routes of bacterial transmission in the genital tract

Answer 13

1. ascending
2. hematogenous spread with localization in the genital tract

Question 14

balanoposthitis

Answer 14

inflammation of the penis and/or prepuce

Question 15

which bacteria/viruses cause balanoposthitis?

Answer 15

1. corynebacterium renale MOST COMMON
2. trueperella pyogenes +/- mycoplasma spp
3. various herpesviruses

Question 16

C. renale is a gram __

Answer 16

postive rod

Question 17

balanoposthitis in horses is called ___ and is caused by __ and can recur from a __ state

Answer 17

equine coital exanthema, equine herpesvirus 3, latent

Question 18

C. renale is responsible for causing __ in predominantly __ as a result of increased __ in urine that is converted to __ damaging the preputial opening/penis epithelium and causing __ lesions

Answer 18

pizzle rot, urea, ammonia, ulcerative

Question 19

orchitis is inflammation of the __ and most infections are caused by __ spread

Answer 19

testes, hematogenous

Question 20

Epididymitis is mostly ___ infections from the __, especially in younger animals

Answer 20

ascending, urogenital tract

Question 21

__ are most commonly the species of orchitis and epididymitis and __ is most commonly the bacteria associated with these infections along with _ and __in young rams

Answer 21

Rams, brucella, actinobacillus seminis, histophilus somni

Question 22

prostatitis is most common in __ and is most commonly caused by __ causing acute/chronic inflammation, or abscesses that can rupture and lead to__

Answer 22

dogs, s. pseudointermedius, peritonitis

Question 23

diagnosis and treatment of prostatitis

Answer 23

Dz: ultrasound with hypoechoic areas of fluid, prostatic massage (may be contaminated by urethra), FNA/biopsy is most definitive

Tx: antibiotics needs to be highly fat soluble and a weak base (acidic prostate fluid) so fluoroquinolones and TMS are used

Question 24

seminal vesiculitis most commonly occurs in __ and is caused by _ and __

Answer 24

bulls, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and trueperella pyogenes

Question 25

what is the significance of seminal vesiculitis for male repro exams?

Answer 25

it is the most common cause of inflammatory cells detected during semen examination in bulls

Question 26

vaginitis and vulvitis is most commonly reported in dogs, cows, and sows. What bacteria are involved in each of these species?

Answer 26

1. cows: mycoplasma and ureaplasma 2. sows: E. coli 3. dogs: Strep canis, e. coli, staph pseudintermedius

Question 27

__ bitches tend to resolve vaginitis/vulvitis as they age while __ animals tend to have an underlying factor

Answer 27

pre-pubertal, older

Question 28

uterine infections are typically due to __, __ or __ because the cervix is __ and infections are mostly __

Answer 28

breeding, pregnancy, parturition, open, ascending

Question 29

endometritis is inflammation of the __ and typically affects __ during __ and can be diagnosed by __

Answer 29

endometrium, mare, post-breeding, guarded swab or biopsy

Question 30

metritis is inflammation of the __ typically affecting __, __ and __ during __ and can be diagnosed by __ or __

Answer 30

wall of the uterus, cows, dogs, pigs, parturition, ultrasound +/- palpation or metricheck device

Question 31

endometritis in the mare after mating typically __ within 24-48 hours but infection may persist in some with __ being the most common isolate

Answer 31

clears, strep equi ss zooepidemicus

Question 32

if metritis persist and causes exudate in the uterine lumen __ may result

Answer 32

pyometra

Question 33

pyometra is more commonly observed in the __ and __

Answer 33

cow and dog

Question 34

pyometra in cattle is caused by diseased __ with a persistent corpus luteum, progesterone secretion and endometrial __

Answer 34

endometrium, hyperplasia

Question 35

in cattle pyometra cases the cervix is __ and myometrial contractions are __ with __ most commonly involved

Answer 35

closed, inhibited, trueperella pyogenes

Question 36

pyometra usually occurs in __, __ bitches during ___ when the estrogen primed endometrium comes under the influence of progesteron

Answer 36

unbred, older, diestrus

Question 37

what pathology of the uterus may occur concurrently with pyometra in bitches?

Answer 37

cystic endometrial hyperplasia (pyometra is the most severe stage)

Question 38

__ is the most common bacteria associated with pyometra in dogs

Answer 38

E. coli

Question 39

clinical pathology of a dog with pyometra would show __ +/- __

Answer 39

chronic inflammation +/- toxemia

Question 40

t/f: you can never collect vaginal discharge if you suspect pyometra

Answer 40

F! if you suspect open pyometra you can collect a sample with a guarded swab from the cranial vagina

Question 41

what is the best way to sample pyometra and get a definitive answer? why would you do this?

Answer 41

FNA of surgical sample because e. coli are not predictably susceptible

Question 42

why are bitches with pyometra often pu/pd?

Answer 42

E. coli endotoxin interferes with action of ADH on renal tubules resulting in medullary washout and isosthenuria