Disturbances of Reproduction Flashcards
__ are the most common equine ovarian tumors that account for >8.5% of reproductive tract tumors
granulosa cell tumor
granulosa cell tumors are __ and cause behavioral changes such as __, __ and __
benign, aggression, stallion-like, markedly prolonged estrus
what does a granulosa cell tumor look like on ultrasound?
1 enlarged, 1 inactive ovary
- honeycomb pattern, solid mass or single large cyst
Hormone analysis of granulosa cell tumors has __ progesterone, __ testosterone, inhibin and AMH. which causes stallion like behavior?
low, high
the high testosterone causes stallion like behavior
what are other ovarian tumors of equids? are they benign or malignant?
terratoma (benign) dysgerminoma (malignant)
cystadenoma (benign)
ovarian hematomas cause ___ abnormalities where ovulation happens with excessive ___and may produce a large__ and __
cycling, hemorrhage, hematoma, luteinize
persistent CL’s result from the failure to lyse at the end of __ causing continued progesterone secretion and respond well to __
diestrus, prostaglandins
hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles
the follicle develops normally at first and then develops echogenic spots and fails to ovulate. The majority will go on to lutenize and respond to PGF but some don’t luteinize taking several weeks to regress. This causes a prolonged interovulatory period
possible risk factors for hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles
- uterine inflammation/infection
- prostaglandin usage on days 9-11
- NSAID usage around the time of ovulation
- Use of hCG
silent heat is most common in what type of mares?
bottom of the pecking order
urine pooling results from __ damage in older mares with poor __ where inflammation can lead to __ . This is treated with __ or __
nerve, conformation, scarring,uterine lavage or sx (move urethra caudally, imbrication of broad ligament)
Cervicitis/vaginitis
often associated with endometritis
- irritation (air/urine)
- infection (bacti/yeast)
hymen abnormalities
persistent, may block uterine fluid clearance leading to decreased fertility. TX with manual breakdown or sx
lacerations (foaling trauma) of the cervix
> 50% of length, sx repair is possible
lacerations (foaling trauma) of the vagina
rectovaginal fistula
- wait 6 weeks to do surgical repair so that the tissue gains integrity
endometritis is a common cause of __ in the mare
infertility
what are the normal uterine defense mechanisms?
- uterine contractions post mating to clear semen/fluid (manipulation of the cervix + vagina or oxytocin)
- innate immune response at the uterine surface
elimination of fluid, semen and infectious organisms should be cleared by 12-48 hours
predisposing factors to endometritis in equine
- old age
- degenerative uterine changes
- repeated foaling
- poor vulvar conformation
- abnormal cervix
infectious endometritis can result from inadequate __ of the repro tract or an improperly cleaned mare/stallion while non-infectious post mating endometritis is an abnormal inflammatory response __ days post mating with __ uterine clearance
seals, 1-2, delayed
__ , and __ are uterine irritants in non-infectious endometritis
semen, urine and air
what are most common bacteria in endometritis?
**strep. equi zooepidemicus
e. coli
pseudomonas aeruginosa
klebsiella pneumonia
hx of a horse with endometritis?
vulvar discharge, infertility and post mating fluid
common diagnostics of endometritis
- AUS
- >2cm uterine fluid or 48 hours post breeding
- excessive edema - speculum examination
- uterine cytology (neutrophils/inflam cells/infectious)
- uterine culture (bacti/fungi)
tx of endometritis
uterine lavage, ecbolic drugs, uterine infusion products/biofilm disrupters
