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Next Generation Exam 2 > Disturbances of Reproduction > Flashcards

Disturbances of Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

__ are the most common equine ovarian tumors that account for >8.5% of reproductive tract tumors

A

granulosa cell tumor

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2
Q

granulosa cell tumors are __ and cause behavioral changes such as __, __ and __

A

benign, aggression, stallion-like, markedly prolonged estrus

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3
Q

what does a granulosa cell tumor look like on ultrasound?

A

1 enlarged, 1 inactive ovary
- honeycomb pattern, solid mass or single large cyst

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4
Q

Hormone analysis of granulosa cell tumors has __ progesterone, __ testosterone, inhibin and AMH. which causes stallion like behavior?

A

low, high

the high testosterone causes stallion like behavior

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5
Q

what are other ovarian tumors of equids? are they benign or malignant?

A

terratoma (benign) dysgerminoma (malignant)
cystadenoma (benign)

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6
Q

ovarian hematomas cause ___ abnormalities where ovulation happens with excessive ___and may produce a large__ and __

A

cycling, hemorrhage, hematoma, luteinize

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7
Q

persistent CL’s result from the failure to lyse at the end of __ causing continued progesterone secretion and respond well to __

A

diestrus, prostaglandins

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8
Q

hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles

A

the follicle develops normally at first and then develops echogenic spots and fails to ovulate. The majority will go on to lutenize and respond to PGF but some don’t luteinize taking several weeks to regress. This causes a prolonged interovulatory period

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9
Q

possible risk factors for hemorrhagic anovulatory follicles

A
  • uterine inflammation/infection
  • prostaglandin usage on days 9-11
  • NSAID usage around the time of ovulation
  • Use of hCG
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10
Q

silent heat is most common in what type of mares?

A

bottom of the pecking order

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11
Q

urine pooling results from __ damage in older mares with poor __ where inflammation can lead to __ . This is treated with __ or __

A

nerve, conformation, scarring,uterine lavage or sx (move urethra caudally, imbrication of broad ligament)

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12
Q

Cervicitis/vaginitis

A

often associated with endometritis
- irritation (air/urine)
- infection (bacti/yeast)

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13
Q

hymen abnormalities

A

persistent, may block uterine fluid clearance leading to decreased fertility. TX with manual breakdown or sx

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14
Q

lacerations (foaling trauma) of the cervix

A

> 50% of length, sx repair is possible

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15
Q

lacerations (foaling trauma) of the vagina

A

rectovaginal fistula
- wait 6 weeks to do surgical repair so that the tissue gains integrity

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16
Q

endometritis is a common cause of __ in the mare

A

infertility

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17
Q

what are the normal uterine defense mechanisms?

A
  1. uterine contractions post mating to clear semen/fluid (manipulation of the cervix + vagina or oxytocin)
  2. innate immune response at the uterine surface

elimination of fluid, semen and infectious organisms should be cleared by 12-48 hours

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18
Q

predisposing factors to endometritis in equine

A
  1. old age
  2. degenerative uterine changes
  3. repeated foaling
  4. poor vulvar conformation
  5. abnormal cervix
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19
Q

infectious endometritis can result from inadequate __ of the repro tract or an improperly cleaned mare/stallion while non-infectious post mating endometritis is an abnormal inflammatory response __ days post mating with __ uterine clearance

A

seals, 1-2, delayed

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20
Q

__ , and __ are uterine irritants in non-infectious endometritis

A

semen, urine and air

21
Q

what are most common bacteria in endometritis?

A

**strep. equi zooepidemicus
e. coli
pseudomonas aeruginosa
klebsiella pneumonia

22
Q

hx of a horse with endometritis?

A

vulvar discharge, infertility and post mating fluid

23
Q

common diagnostics of endometritis

A
  1. AUS
    - >2cm uterine fluid or 48 hours post breeding
    - excessive edema
  2. speculum examination
  3. uterine cytology (neutrophils/inflam cells/infectious)
  4. uterine culture (bacti/fungi)
24
Q

tx of endometritis

A

uterine lavage, ecbolic drugs, uterine infusion products/biofilm disrupters

25
Q

__ is most commonly used for uterine lavage and may have __ added for anti-inflammatory properties. uterine lavage should be __ hours post breeding

A

LRS (isotonic and sterile), DMSO, 6+

26
Q

oxytocin and cloprostenol are ecbolic drugs. Oxytocin is the most common causing _ and __ contractions while cloprostenol causes __ and __ contractions

A

short and strong
weak and prolonged

27
Q

systemic antibiotics

A

ceftiofur
enrofloxacin
gentamicin
metronidazole
penicillin
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole

28
Q

intrauterine

A

amikacin
ampicillin
ceftiofur
gentamicin
penicillin
polymixin
ticarcillin

29
Q

acute endometritis will have a __ prognosis while post mating may __

A

good, recur

30
Q

pyometra is __ in the mare with up to __ of fluid and can be treated with __ with a __ prognosis for fertility

A

rare, 60ml, drainage, guarded

31
Q

chronic endometritis should have __ conformation and a uterine __ checked

A

uterine conformation and biopsy

32
Q

endometrial cysts are __ endometrial glands/lymphatics vessels with areas of fibrosis

A

dilated

33
Q

infertility is more common in __ or __ endometrial cysts. What 3 things do they impair?

A

multiple or large

  1. MRP
  2. movement of embryo
  3. fluid clearance
34
Q

CEM is caused by ___ in breeding or fomite transmission with clinical signs of ___. Recovery is __ with mares/stallions becoming __

A

taylorella equigenitalis, copious grey vulvar discharge, spontaneous, carriers

35
Q

CEM is __!

A

reportable

36
Q

venereal diseases

A

CEM (bacti)
EVA (viral)
EHV-3 (viral)

37
Q

Equine Arterial Virus

A

clinical signs of fever, resp dz, abortion, edema

  • stallions can be carriers
  • vaccination is modified live
  • reportable in some states
38
Q

Equine coital exanthema is __ and has clinical signs of __ and __ .

A

EHV-3, circular nodules on vulvar mucosa and perineal skin

this is painful

39
Q

dourine is caused by __ and is __ with a high __ rate

A

trypanosoma equiperidum, REPORTABLE, mortality

40
Q

silver dollar plaques are seem with __

A

dourine (protozoal)

41
Q

mares with dourine

A

mucopurulent vaginal discharge, edematous vulva, polyuria, raised and thickened semitransparent patches on vaginal mucosa, abortion

42
Q

stallions with dourine

A

edema of prepuce and glans, mucopurulent discharge, paraphimosis

43
Q

twins are a __ problem in mares and recur in the same mare with __ % of twins aborting

A

common, 60-80%

44
Q

if twins fix in the same horn __ will naturally reduce while if they are in opposite horns _ will naturally reduce. Typically this occurs before day __

A

70%, <5%, 40

45
Q

twin pregnancies should be terminated before day __ or they will not cycle again because of __

A

35, endometrial cups

46
Q

which treatment of twins has the best outcome?

A

manual reduction between days 13-16 results in >90% live single foal

47
Q

cervical dislocation is an abortion option from days __ awhile an injection of __ or __ in the heart can be given between __ but with a lower live foal rate

A

60-120, KCl or PPG, 110-120+ days

48
Q

what issues might twins have if born alive?

A
  1. difficult labor
  2. smaller than normal
  3. FPT
  4. incomplete ossification of carpal and tarsal bones
  5. varus and valgus abnormalities

Next Generation Exam 2 (20 decks)

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