Comparative Pregnancy Diagnosis Flashcards
in general what are the options for diagnosing pregnancy?
- behavior:failure to return to estrus
- palpation: per rectum, abdominal
- ultrasound: trans-rectal and trans-abdominal
- hormonal assays
- other modalities: ballottment and radiographs
what species might you observe the behavioral return to estrus in order to determine pregnancy? what is the benefit of this?
ruminants, equine, swine, feline can all have estrus behaviors observed in a non-invasive method
transrectal palpation is mostly used for __ while transabdominal palpation is mostly used to __
cattle + equine, K9+ felines + small ruminants
why would a horse in diestrus have a firm uterus?
embryo is moving around the uterus until day 16 -> think bouncing against the walls letting mom know its there
earlier in the pregnancy __ would work well for determining __ and __ with high accuracy
ultrasound, fetal viability and aging
Hormonal assays are easy and cheap but may have false positives due to what?
due to parturition or abortion all hormonal assays may come back positive weeks -> months later. Especially in dairy cows that are rebred 90 days later the hormonal assays may come back positive since its ~close to parturition.
what makes fetuses visible in late gestation?
mineralization
In bovine, PAGS are __ specific while Progesterone is __ specific
pregnancy, luteal
what are the 4 cardinal signs of pregnancy in the bovine per rectal palpation?
- membrane slip of chorioallantois (day 35)
- amniotic vesicle (d 35)
- placentomes (d 75)
- fetus (d 65)
pregnancy is based on 2 of these 4 being present
the CL is __mm diameter on day __
20-25mm, 20-22
you should check a transrectal AUS before day __ in case the there are __ and you want to abort before the embryo is __
14, twins, stuck
what hormone can be used to pregnancy test a horse using serum or urine?
estrone sulfate(>90 days)
after your initial check of the equine at 14 days, when should you check again to confirm viability?
recheck after day 25 to confirm viability
___ are the leading cause of non-infectious abortion in the mare and can be reduced by __
twins, manual reduction of one twin the ultrasound probe (separate it to tip of horn away from the other)
it important to know how many fetuses are in small ruminants to prevent __
nutritional deficiencies
__, __ and __ are ways to detect pregnancy in small ruminants
failure to return to estrus, ultrasound, and ballottement
does return to estrus in __ days while ewes should return to estrus in __ days
21, 17
alpacas may be ultrasounded __ days after mating while you should wait till __ days after mating for llamas
23, 34
what is a non-invasive way to assess if a camlid is pregnant?
bring male into females enclosure-> if pregnant she should be angry/displeased that the male is there
what is the average return to estrus for pigs?
21 days
in porcine preg checks a __ with a boar may be performed to see if anyone was missed
heat check
__ and __ are more commonly used in swine than hormones (serum estrone sulfate)
ultrasound and behavior
abdominal ultrasound is possible at __ days post breeding in swine and you can see the embryo proper at __ days
18-19, 25-32
for canines, on abdominal palpation you should feel a string of pearls around days __ , then from day __ you can ultrasound and then radiograph are safe after day __
21-28, 22, 40-45
