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Genital embryology Flashcards

1
Q

genitalia have male/female characteristics at….(when)

A

week 10

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2
Q

Genetic sex is defined by

Gonadal sex is defined by

A

genetic: sex chromosomes (males XY, females XX)
gonadal: precense of testes in males and ovaries in females

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3
Q

Phenotypic sex is defined by

A

the characteristics of internal genital tract and the external genitalia

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4
Q

default development - female vs male

A

female

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5
Q

genital embryology - female

A

default development

Mesonephric duct degenerates and paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct develops

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6
Q

mesonephric duct is AKA/function

A

Wolffian duct

  1. interim kidney for 1st trimester
  2. later contributes to male genital center (mesonephric duct)
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7
Q

genital embryology - male

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome produces testis-determining factor –> tests development –>

a. Sertoli cells –> Mullerian inhib factor (MIF)
- -> suppresses development of paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
b. Leyding cells secrete androgens that stimulate development of mesonphric duct
c. testosterone –> DHT –> genital tubercle, urogenital sinus –> male external genitalia, prostate

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8
Q

paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct in males

A

male –> sertoli cells secrete MIF that suppresses the development of paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts –>
remnant as appendix testis

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9
Q

paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct in females

A

Develops into female internal structures - fallopian tubes, uterus, upper portion of vagina
(not lower portion of vagina - urogenital sinus)

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10
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct in males

A

Leyind cells secrete androgens –> stimulate development of mesonephric duct –> male internal structures (except prostate) - seminal vesicles, epididymis, Ejaculation duct, Ductus deferens

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11
Q

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct in females

A

remnant as Gartner duct

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12
Q

Mullaerian agenesis is AKA

A

Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome

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13
Q

Mullaerian agenesis (Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser syndrome) - may present as

A

1ry amenorreha (due to lack of uterine development) in females with fully developed 2ry sexual characteristics)

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14
Q

no sertoli cells or lack Mullarian inhibitory - mechanism/presentation

A

no Mullaerian degeneration, normal action of testosterone –> develop both male and female internal genitalia and male characteristics

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15
Q

5α-reductase deficiency - mechanism/presentation

A

inability to convert Testosterone into DHT –> male internal genitalia (except prostate), ambiguous external genitalia until puberti (when increased testosterone levels cause masculinization)

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16
Q

5α-reductase deficiency - lab diagnosis

A

testosterone / DHT = 20 - 60 (normally 5)

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17
Q

Uterine (Mullerian duct) anomalies - types

A
  1. Septate uterus
  2. Bicornuate uterus
  3. Uterus didelphys
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18
Q

Septate uterus - mechanism/treatment

A

incomplete resoprtion of septum / septoplasty

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19
Q

Bicornuate uterus - mechanism

A

incomplete fusion of Mullerian ducts

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20
Q

Uterus didelphyls

A

Complete failure of fusion of Mullerian ducts –> double uterus, vagina, cervix

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21
Q

Uterine (Mullerian duct) anomalies - pregnancy

A
  1. Septate uterus –> low fertility
  2. Bicornuate uterus –> high risk of complicated pregnancy
  3. Uterus didelphys –> pregnancy possible
22
Q

Uterine (Mullerian duct) anomalies - mechanism

A
  1. Septate uterus –> incomplete resoprtion of septum
  2. Bicornuate uterus –> incomplete fusion of Mullerian ducts
  3. Uterus didelphys –> Complete failure of fusion of Mullerian ducts –> double uterus, vagina, cervix
23
Q

Male female genital homologs - differentiation of undifferentiated structures are induced by

A

Dihydrotesotsterone (DHT) –> male

esotren (ESG) –> female

24
Q

Male female genital homologs - genital tubercle - differentation (and which are homologs)

A
  1. glans penis (DHT) - glans clitoris (ESG)

2. Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum (DHT) - vestibular bulbs

25
Q

genital tubercule - differentation in females

A
  1. glans clitoris

2. vestibular bulbs

26
Q

genital tubercule - differentation in males

A
  1. glans penis

2. Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

27
Q

Male female genital homologs - urogenital sinus - differentation (and which are homologs)

A
  1. Balboulerthral glands of Cowper (DHT) - greater vestibular glands of Bartholin (ESG)
  2. Prostate gland (DHT) - Urethral and paraourethral glands of skene (ESG)
28
Q

urogenital sinus - differentation in females

A
  1. greater vestibular glands of Bartholin

2. Urethral and paraourethral glands of skene

29
Q

urogenital sinus - differentation in males

A
  1. Balboulerthral glands of Cowper

2. Prostate gland

30
Q

Male female genital homologs - urogenital folds - differentation (and which are homologs)

A

ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) (DHT) - labia minora

31
Q

urogenital folds - differentation in females

A

labia minora

32
Q

urogenital folds - differentation in males

A

ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

33
Q

Male female genital homologs - Labioscrotal swelling - differentation (and which are homologs)

A

scrotum (DHT) - Labia majora (ESG)

34
Q

Labioscrotal swelling - differentation in females

A

Labia majora

35
Q

Labioscrotal swelling - differentation in males

36
Q

Male female genital homologs - everything (embriogenic structure, derivatives - right for estrogen and left for dihydrotestosterone

A
  1. glans penis - genital tubercle - glans clitoris (ESG)
  2. Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum - genital tubercle - vestibular bulbs
  3. Balboulerthral glands of Cowper - urogenital sinus - greater vestibular glands of Bartholin
  4. Prostate gland - urogenital sinus - Urethral and paraourethral glands of skene
  5. ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra) - urogenital folds - labia minora
  6. scrotum - Labioscrotal swelling - Labia majora
37
Q

urogenital sinus - parts

A

vesical part, pelvic part, phallic part

38
Q

Congenital penile abnormalities - types (MC?)

A
  1. Hypospadias (MC)

2. Epispadias

39
Q

Hypospadias - mechanism/definition

A

Abnormal opening of penile urethra on ventral (below) surface of penis due to failure of urethral folds to fuse

40
Q

Epispadias - mechanism/definition

A

Abnormal opening of penile urethra on dorsal (above) surface on penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle

41
Q

Hypaspadias vs epispadias - due to

A

hypospadias –> failure of urethral folds to fuse

epispadias –> faulty positioning of genital tubercle

42
Q

Hypaspadias - associations

A
  1. inguinal hernia

2. cryptorhidism

43
Q

epispadias - associations

A

exstrophy of the bladder

44
Q

Structures that aids the descent of testes and ovaries

A
  1. Gubernaculum

2. Processus vaginalis

45
Q

Gubernaculum - structure/function during development

A

band of fibrous tissue –> aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries)

46
Q

Processus vaginalis - structure/function during development

A

evagination of peritoneum –> aids in the descent of the gonads (both testes and ovaries)

47
Q

failure of processus vaginalis to close –>

A
  1. indirect inguinal

2. hydrocele

48
Q

Structures that aids the descent of testes and ovaries - remnant in males

A
  1. Gubernaculum –> Anchors testes within scrotum

2. Processus vaginalis –> forms tunica vaginalis

49
Q

Structures that aids the descent of testes and ovaries - remnant in females

A
  1. Gubernaculum –> ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus
  2. Processus vaginalis –> obliterated
50
Q

drugs that causes congenital Mullerian anomalies

A

Diethylstilbestrol

Reproductive (20 decks)

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