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embryology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

aortic arch derivatives - develop

A

into arterial system

course through the pharyngeal arches

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2
Q

aortic arches - how many

A

6 pairs (1st-6th) but 5th regresses in human

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3
Q

aortic arch derivatives (adult structure)

embryonic structures is the arches (1-6

A

1st: part of maxillary artery (branch of external carotid)
2nd: stapedial artery and hyoid artery
3rd: common carotid and proximal part of internal carotid artery
4th: on left: aortic arch (between left common carotid artery and left subclavian). On right: proximal part of right subclavian artery
5th: regresses in human
6. proximal part of pulmonary arteries and (on left only) ductus arteriosus

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4
Q

left vs right recurrent laryngeal nerve according to course

A

right –> loops arround right subclavian

left –> loops around aortic arch, distal to ductus arteriosus

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5
Q

recurrent laryngeal nerve are both (left + right) branches of

A

vagus

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6
Q

Branchial apparatus is aka

A

pharyngeal apparatus

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7
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus is an…/composed of/ origin

A

embryological structure composed of:

  1. branchial clefts (or grooves) - ectoderm
  2. branchial arches - mesoderm (muscle arteries) and neural crest (bones, cartilage)
  3. branchial pouches (endoderm)
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8
Q

branchial clefts is AKA

A

branchial groves

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9
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus - structure

A

mnemonic: CAP (from outside to inside)
outside - clefts - arch - pouch - inside
in the middle - pharyngeal floor

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10
Q

branchial arch - anatomy

A

outside upper: nerve
outside inner: artery
inner: cartilage

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11
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus composed of/ origin

A
  1. branchial clefts (or grooves) - ectoderm
  2. branchial arches - mesoderm (muscle arteries) and neural crest (bones, cartilage)
  3. branchial pouches (endoderm)
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12
Q

Branchial (pharyngeal) apparatus - numbers

A

1-4 + 6

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13
Q

Branchial cleft derivatives

A

1st –> external auditory meatus

2st-4h –> temporary cervical sinus

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14
Q

temporary cervical sinus - fate

A

obliterated by proliferation of 2nd arch mesenchyme

–> if persistent –> branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck, anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle

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15
Q

persistent brianchial cleft –> presentation/characteristics

A
  • branchial cleft cyst within lateral neck, anterior to sternocleidomastoid muscle
  • immobile during swallowing
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16
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 1st arch - cartilage

A
  1. Maxillary process –> Maxilla, zygomatic bone
  2. Mandibular process –> Meckel cartilage –> mandible
  3. Malleus and incus
  4. Sphenomandibular ligament
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17
Q

Sphenomandibular ligament connects

A

spenoid bone (spine) to lingula of the mandibular foramen

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18
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 1st arch - muscles

A
  1. Muscles of Mastication
  2. Mylohyoid (from the mandible to the hyoid bone)
  3. anterior belly of digastric
  4. tensor tympani
  5. tensor veli palatini
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19
Q

mastication muscle - function/names/innervation

A
  • 3 muscles close jaw (masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid)
  • 1 muscle open the jaw (lateral pterygoid)
    all V3 (mandibular)
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20
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 1st arch - nerves

A

CN V2 V3

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21
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 2nd arch - cartilage

A

Reichert cartilage: stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament

22
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 2nd arch - muscles

A
  1. Muscles of facial expression
  2. Stapedius
  3. stylohyoid
  4. platysma
  5. posterior belly of digastric
23
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 2nd arch - nerves

24
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 3rd arch - cartilage

A

Greater horn of hyoid

25
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 3rd arch - muscles

A

stylopharyngeus

arches 3-4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue

26
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 3rd arch - nerves

27
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 4-6th arch - cartilage

A

some of the larynx cargilages

  1. arytenoids
  2. crycoid
  3. corniculate
  4. cuneiform
  5. thyroid cartilage
28
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 4-6th arch - muscles

A

4th –> most pharyngeal constrictors, cricothyroid, levator of veli palatini
6th –> all intrinsic muscles of larynx excet cricothyroid
arches 3-4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue

29
Q

bronchial arches derivatives - 4-6th arch - nerves

A

4th –> CN X (superior laryngeal branch)

6th –> CN 10 (recurrent laryngeal branch)

30
Q

abnormalities associated with Branchial arches

A
  1. Pierre Robin sequence
  2. Teacher Collins syndrome
    (both associated with 1st + 2nd arches)
31
Q

Pierre Robin sequence - manifestations

A
  1. micrognathia
  2. glossoptosis
  3. cleft palate
  4. airway obstruction
32
Q

Treacher Collins syndrome - manifestations

A

neural crest dysfunction –> mandibular hypoplasia, facial abnormalities

33
Q

Branchial arches - tongue

A

arches 3-4 form posterior 1/3 of tongue

34
Q

simple mnemomic about branchial arches

A
  1. –> chew
  2. –> smile
  3. –> swallow
  4. –> simply swallow
  5. –> speak
35
Q

special characteristic about branchial arch CNs

A

these are the only nerves with both motor and sensory components (except V2, only sensory)

36
Q

branchial arches - digastric muscle

A

anterior belly –> 1st

posterior belly –> 2nd

37
Q

branchial arches - hyoid bone, muscles ligmanets

A

Mylohyoid –> 1st
lesser horn of hyoid, stylohoid muscle, Stylohyoid ligament–> 2nd
Greater horn of hyoid –> 3rd

38
Q

branchial arches - Ossicles

A

Malleus and incus –> 1st

stapes –> 2nd

39
Q

Bronchial pouch derivatives - 1st pouch

A
  1. middle ear cavity
  2. eusatchian tube
  3. mastoid ear cells
    (contributes to endoderm lined structures of ear)
40
Q

Bronchial pouch derivatives - 2nd pouch

A

epithelial lining palatine tonsil

41
Q

Bronchial pouch derivatives - 3rd pouch

A
  1. dorsal wings -> INFERIOR parathryroids

2. ventral wings -> thymus

42
Q

Bronchial pouch derivatives - 4th pouch

A
  1. dorsal wings –> SUPERIOR parathyroids
  2. ventral wings –> ultimobranchial body
    - -> parafolicular C cells of thyroid
43
Q

Thymuc aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) - defect

A

22q11 deletion –> failure to develop 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches –> absent thymus and parathyroids

44
Q

Thymuc aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) - presentation

A
  1. Tetany (hypocalcemia)
  2. reccurent viral/fungal infections
  3. conotruncal abnormalities (ef. tetralogy of Fallot, truncus arteriosus)
45
Q

Thymuc aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) - findings

A
  1. decreased T-cells
  2. decreased Parathormone –> decreased calcium
  3. absent thymic shadow on CXR
  4. 22q11 deletion detected by FISH
  5. not well developed lymph node paracortex
46
Q

Cleft lip - mechanism/presentation

A

failure of fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal process (formation of 1ry palate) –> split in the upper lip on one or both sides of the centre

47
Q

Cleft palate - mechanism

A

failure of fusion of the 2 lateral palatine shelves or failure of fusion of lateral palatine shelves with the nasal septum and/or median palatine shelf (formation of 2ry palate)

48
Q

Cleft palate - presentation

A

a congenital split in the roof of the mouth.

49
Q

Cleft palate + cleft lip

A

distinct multifactorial etiologies –> often occur togerther

50
Q

drug that causes cleft palate

A

antiepileptic drugs

Vitamin A excess

Reproductive (20 decks)

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