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PSY 341- Developmental > Genetics and Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Genetics and Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

epigenetic theory

A

genetic activity responds constantly to environmental influences

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2
Q

meiosis

A

formation of gametes

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3
Q

ovulation

A

ovum bursts and releases into fallopian tubes

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4
Q

dz twins

A

two ova fertilized by 2 sperms; fraternal with 40 - 60% of genes in common

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5
Q

mz twins

A

1 zygote splits into 2 separate clusters of cells; maternal & identical

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6
Q

chromosome

A

structure in nucleus of cells that has genes; paired unless in reproductive cells

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7
Q

dna

A

stores and transfers genetic info

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8
Q

genes

A

basic unit of hereditary info

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9
Q

genome

A

all genes within all chromosomes

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10
Q

genotypes

A

all genes within a person

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11
Q

phenotype

A

genes that determined a person’s characteristics

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12
Q

dominant recessive inheritance

A

when each pair of chromosomes has a dominant and a recessive gene but only the dominant gene shows up in the phenotype

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13
Q

allele

A

each form of a gene (d or r)

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14
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when the phenotype is influenced mostly but not fully by dominant genes

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15
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

the interaction of multiple genes influencing the phenotypic character

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16
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine whether someone will be m or f

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17
Q

x-linked inheritance

A

when a recessive trait is expressed because it is carried on the male x chromosome

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18
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of how much genes influence development

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19
Q

heritability

A

an estimate of how much genes are responsible for differences within a population; measure phenotype

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20
Q

concordance rate

A

a percentage of the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members

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21
Q

epigenetic development

A

results from the bidirectional interactions between genes and environment

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22
Q

reaction range

A

established boundaries of a genetic characteristic

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23
Q

theory of genotype –> environment effects

A

genes influence the kind of environment we experience

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24
Q

passive genotype –>

A

parents provide genes and environment

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25
Q

evocative genotype –>

A

when inherited characteristics evoke reactions from others in their environment

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26
Q

active genotype –>

A

when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics

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27
Q

mitosis

A

chromosomes duplicate then divide to become new cells

28
Q

gamete

A

ova and sperm

29
Q

meiosis

A

gametes creation; separation and duplication of chromosome pares –> 4 gametes

30
Q

cytoplasm

A

the fluid that is the main source of nutrients during the early days of conception

31
Q

crossing-over

A

when DNA is exchanged during meiosis

32
Q

follicle

A

matured form of ovum and other cells that surround it and provide it nutrients

33
Q

zygote

A

the cell at the end of meiosis that is formed by 2 gametes

34
Q

germinal period

A

the first 2 weeks after conception when zygote implants self in uterus

35
Q

blastocyst

A

ball of 100 blood cells

36
Q

trophoblast

A

oter layer of blastocyst that creates structures for protection and nourishment

37
Q

embryonic disk

A

inner layer of blastocyst that becomes the embryo

38
Q

amnion

A

the membrane that surrounds the fetus in temperature regulating gfluid and protects it

39
Q

placenta

A

structure between embyronic disk and uterine wall that passes nutrients from mom to fetus and rids waste

40
Q

umbilical cord

A

structure connecting placenta to fetus

41
Q

embryonic period

A

3-3 weeks post conception

42
Q

gestation

A

time since conception

43
Q

ectodedrm

A

outer layer of emryonic disk that becomes hair, skin, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system

44
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of embryonic disk that becomes muscles, bones, reproductive system, and ciruculatory systems

45
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer of embryonic disk that becomes the digestive and respiratory systems

46
Q

neural tube

A

result of ectoderm that becomes spinal cord and brain

47
Q

neurons

A

cells of nervous system

48
Q

neurogenesis

A

creation of neurons

49
Q

fetal period

A

9 weeks to birth

50
Q

trimesters

A

3 month periods during pregnancy

51
Q

viability

A

ability to survive outside of the womb

52
Q

vermix

A

the slime that covers baby to protect skin from chapping

53
Q

teratogens

A

behaviors, environment, bodily conditions that could harm a fetus

54
Q

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A

increase in alcoholism that causes facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and cognitive problems

55
Q

down syndrome

A

when there’s an extra chromosome on the 21st pair

56
Q

multifactorial disorders

A

disorders linked to paternal age that involve a combination of genetics and environmental factors

57
Q

genetic mutation

A

premanent alteration of a dna sequence that makes up a gene

58
Q

techniques of prenatal monitoring

A

ways of monitoring the growth and health of the fetus; detects prenatal problems

59
Q

ultrasound

A

device that points high frequency sound waves toward the uterus that bounce off and produce an image on the screen

60
Q

maternal blood screening

A

tests administered during 1st or 2nd trimesters that use blood samples from mom that include genetic pieces of dna from fetus; used to identify risks to fetus like spina difida and down syndrome

61
Q

amniocentesis

A

when a long needle is put in mom’s abdomen to get a sample of amniotic fluid from the placenta to get info on the fetus’s genotype

62
Q

chronic villus sampling

A

when cells are sampled and analyzed early in development to detect genetic problems

63
Q

infertility

A

inability to conceive after at least one year of trying

64
Q

assisted reproductive technology

A

methods used to overcome infertility problems in m/f reproductive systems

65
Q

intrauterine insemnination

A

injecting sperm into uterus around time of ovulation

66
Q

fertility drugs

A

drugs that mimic hormones that trigger ovulation

67
Q

in vitro fertilization

A

after fertility drugs, when ova removed from the body , mixed with sperm, and reinserted once a zygote is formed

PSY 341- Developmental (8 decks)

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