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PSY 341- Developmental > Genetics and Prenatal Development > Flashcards

Genetics and Prenatal Development Flashcards

1
Q

epigenetic theory

A

genetic activity responds constantly to environmental influences

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2
Q

meiosis

A

formation of gametes

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3
Q

ovulation

A

ovum bursts and releases into fallopian tubes

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4
Q

dz twins

A

two ova fertilized by 2 sperms; fraternal with 40 - 60% of genes in common

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5
Q

mz twins

A

1 zygote splits into 2 separate clusters of cells; maternal & identical

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6
Q

chromosome

A

structure in nucleus of cells that has genes; paired unless in reproductive cells

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7
Q

dna

A

stores and transfers genetic info

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8
Q

genes

A

basic unit of hereditary info

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9
Q

genome

A

all genes within all chromosomes

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10
Q

genotypes

A

all genes within a person

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11
Q

phenotype

A

genes that determined a person’s characteristics

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12
Q

dominant recessive inheritance

A

when each pair of chromosomes has a dominant and a recessive gene but only the dominant gene shows up in the phenotype

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13
Q

allele

A

each form of a gene (d or r)

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14
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when the phenotype is influenced mostly but not fully by dominant genes

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15
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

the interaction of multiple genes influencing the phenotypic character

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16
Q

sex chromosomes

A

determine whether someone will be m or f

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17
Q

x-linked inheritance

A

when a recessive trait is expressed because it is carried on the male x chromosome

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18
Q

behavior genetics

A

the study of how much genes influence development

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19
Q

heritability

A

an estimate of how much genes are responsible for differences within a population; measure phenotype

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20
Q

concordance rate

A

a percentage of the degree of similarity in phenotype among pairs of family members

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21
Q

epigenetic development

A

results from the bidirectional interactions between genes and environment

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22
Q

reaction range

A

established boundaries of a genetic characteristic

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23
Q

theory of genotype –> environment effects

A

genes influence the kind of environment we experience

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24
Q

passive genotype –>

A

parents provide genes and environment

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25
evocative genotype -->
when inherited characteristics evoke reactions from others in their environment
26
active genotype -->
when people seek out environments that correspond to their genotypic characteristics
27
mitosis
chromosomes duplicate then divide to become new cells
28
gamete
ova and sperm
29
meiosis
gametes creation; separation and duplication of chromosome pares --> 4 gametes
30
cytoplasm
the fluid that is the main source of nutrients during the early days of conception
31
crossing-over
when DNA is exchanged during meiosis
32
follicle
matured form of ovum and other cells that surround it and provide it nutrients
33
zygote
the cell at the end of meiosis that is formed by 2 gametes
34
germinal period
the first 2 weeks after conception when zygote implants self in uterus
35
blastocyst
ball of 100 blood cells
36
trophoblast
oter layer of blastocyst that creates structures for protection and nourishment
37
embryonic disk
inner layer of blastocyst that becomes the embryo
38
amnion
the membrane that surrounds the fetus in temperature regulating gfluid and protects it
39
placenta
structure between embyronic disk and uterine wall that passes nutrients from mom to fetus and rids waste
40
umbilical cord
structure connecting placenta to fetus
41
embryonic period
3-3 weeks post conception
42
gestation
time since conception
43
ectodedrm
outer layer of emryonic disk that becomes hair, skin, nails, sensory organs, and nervous system
44
mesoderm
middle layer of embryonic disk that becomes muscles, bones, reproductive system, and ciruculatory systems
45
endoderm
inner layer of embryonic disk that becomes the digestive and respiratory systems
46
neural tube
result of ectoderm that becomes spinal cord and brain
47
neurons
cells of nervous system
48
neurogenesis
creation of neurons
49
fetal period
9 weeks to birth
50
trimesters
3 month periods during pregnancy
51
viability
ability to survive outside of the womb
52
vermix
the slime that covers baby to protect skin from chapping
53
teratogens
behaviors, environment, bodily conditions that could harm a fetus
54
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
increase in alcoholism that causes facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and cognitive problems
55
down syndrome
when there's an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
56
multifactorial disorders
disorders linked to paternal age that involve a combination of genetics and environmental factors
57
genetic mutation
premanent alteration of a dna sequence that makes up a gene
58
techniques of prenatal monitoring
ways of monitoring the growth and health of the fetus; detects prenatal problems
59
ultrasound
device that points high frequency sound waves toward the uterus that bounce off and produce an image on the screen
60
maternal blood screening
tests administered during 1st or 2nd trimesters that use blood samples from mom that include genetic pieces of dna from fetus; used to identify risks to fetus like spina difida and down syndrome
61
amniocentesis
when a long needle is put in mom's abdomen to get a sample of amniotic fluid from the placenta to get info on the fetus's genotype
62
chronic villus sampling
when cells are sampled and analyzed early in development to detect genetic problems
63
infertility
inability to conceive after at least one year of trying
64
assisted reproductive technology
methods used to overcome infertility problems in m/f reproductive systems
65
intrauterine insemnination
injecting sperm into uterus around time of ovulation
66
fertility drugs
drugs that mimic hormones that trigger ovulation
67
in vitro fertilization
after fertility drugs, when ova removed from the body , mixed with sperm, and reinserted once a zygote is formed

PSY 341- Developmental (8 decks)

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