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PSY 341- Developmental > Chapter 4- Infancy > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Infancy Flashcards

1
Q

cephalocaudal principle

A

growth in infancy beginning at the head and moving down

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2
Q

proximodistal principle

A

growth proceeding from the middle of the body outward

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3
Q

synapses

A

tiny gaps between neurons across which communication takes place

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4
Q

neurotransmitters

A

the chemicals that release and receive communication across synapses

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5
Q

axon

A

what releases neurotransmitters

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6
Q

dendrites

A

what receives neurotransmitters

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7
Q

overproduction/ Synaptic Exuberance

A

large spurt in new connections between dendrites and axons during the first year

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8
Q

myelination

A

the wrapping of axons in a white fatty substance “myelin sheath” around week 14; substance speeds up neural communication

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9
Q

synaptic pruning

A

when used synaptic connections get stronger and faster while others wither away

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10
Q

hypothalamus

A

a small structure in limbic system that monitors and regulates basic animal functions; hunger thirst, body temperature, sexual desire, hormone levels

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11
Q

thalamus

A

structure in the limbic system that receives and transfers sensory info from body to the brain

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12
Q

hippocampus

A

the structure in the limbic system that is responsible for memory; especially long term

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13
Q

cerebral cortex

A

the outermost part of the forebrain that has two hemispheres and 4 lobes

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14
Q

corpus callosum

A

the fibers that act as the glue between the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

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15
Q

lateralization

A

the speciialization of the left and right hemispheres

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16
Q

occipital lobes

A

the rear of each hemisphere that processes visual info

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17
Q

temporal lobes

A

the lower sides of the hemispheres that process auditory info including understanding spoken language

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18
Q

parietal lobes

A

processes info from bodily sensations

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19
Q

frontal lobes

A

the center of most advanced human brain processes; speaking and making decisions

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20
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

the front lobes that plan and organize info to direct behavior

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21
Q

plasticity

A

the idea that the brain is highly responsive to environmental circumstances

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22
Q

custom complex

A

a distinctive cultural pattern of behavior that is based on underlying cultural beliefs

23
Q

marasmus

A

a disease where the body wastes away bc of malnutrition

24
Q

oral rehydration therapy

A

having infants with diarrhea drink salt and glucose in water

25
Q

gross motor development

A

balance, posture, whole-body movements

26
Q

fine motor development

A

finely tunded movements of the hands

27
Q

prereaching

A

when neonates extend their arms towards something

28
Q

depth perception

A

the ability to discern the relative distance of objects in a n environment

29
Q

binocular vision

A

the ability to combine the images of each eye into one image

30
Q

intermodal perception

A

the integration and coordination of sensory information

31
Q

mental structures

A

the cognitive systems that oranize thinking into coherent patterns so that all thinking takes place on the same level of cognitive functioning

32
Q

cognitive developmental approach

A

the focus on how cognition changes with age; piaget

33
Q

maturation

A

biologically driven program of developmental change

34
Q

schemes

A

cognitive structures for processing, organizing, and interpreting information

35
Q

assimilation

A

when new info is altered to fit into an existing scheme

36
Q

accommodation

A

changing the scheme to adapt to the new info

37
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

developmental stage involving learning how to coordinate activities of senses with motor activities

38
Q

object permanence

A

the awareness that objects exist even when we aren’t in direct sensory or motor contact with them

39
Q

a-not-b-error

A

when infants make the mistake of selecting the familiar hiding place (a) instead of the new hiding place (b)

40
Q

info processing approach

A

understanding cognitive functioning that focuses on cognitive processes that exist at all ages instead of viewing cognitive development in terms of discontinuous stages

41
Q

habituation

A

gradual decrease in attention to a stimulus after shown repeatedly

42
Q

dishabituation

A

the return of attention when new stimulus presented after habituation

43
Q

short-term memory

A

the capacity to retain info for a brief time

44
Q

long-term memory

A

the knowledge accumulated over time

45
Q

developmental quotient

A

the result of the Bayley scales that measures the baby’s developmental progress

46
Q

temperament

A

biologically based raw material personality

47
Q

goodness-of-fit

A

when kids develop best if there is a good fit between their temperament and their environment

48
Q

primary emotions

A

the basic emotions that we share with animals; evident in year 1

49
Q

secondary emotions

A

emotions that require social and cultural learning

50
Q

social smile

A

expression of happiness in response to interacting with others

51
Q

emotional contagion

A

he recognition of an emotion that leads to crying as a signal of distress

52
Q

attachment theory

A

bowlby’s theory that focuses on the importance of infants’ relationship with their primary caregiver

53
Q

trust vs. mistrust

A

the 1st stage of development in Erikson’s psychosocial theory when the central crisis is the need to establish a stable attachment to a loving and nurturing caregiver

PSY 341- Developmental (8 decks)

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