Chapter 5 Toddlerhood

Question 1

Kwashiorkor

Answer 1

protein deficiency leads to lethargy, irritability, thinning hair, and water swelling in body (mostly belly)

Question 2

Micronutrients

Answer 2

iron, zinc, vitamins: A, B12, C, & D

Question 3

synaptic density

Answer 3

the number of synaptic connections among neurons

Question 4

EEG

Answer 4

a machine that measures the electrical activity of the Cerebral Cortex

Question 5

fMRI

Answer 5

uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the whole brain in response to stimulation

Question 6

mental representations

Answer 6

when toddlers think about possible actions and choose the one most likely to workout in their favro

Question 7

deffered imiatation

Answer 7

the ability to repeat action observed earlier

Question 8

zone of proximal development

Answer 8

the distance between skills that children have mastered and the ones they can do if guided by someone more competent; adult or peer

Question 9

private speech

Answer 9

children talking to themselve’s in self guiding way; external becomes internal

Question 10

scaffolding

Answer 10

the degree of assistance given to kids in zone of proximal development

Question 11

guided participation

Answer 11

inetaction between two people as they participate in a acultrually valued activity

Question 12

infinite generativity

Answer 12

the ability to use words and combine them in hella ways

Question 13

broca’s area

Answer 13

zone in the brain specialized for language production

Question 14

wernicke’s area

Answer 14

zone in the brain specialized for language comprehension

Question 15

language acquisition device

Answer 15

the device children are born with that lets them see and grasp grammatical rules in the language around them

Question 16

holophrases

Answer 16

single words used by toddlers that represent different forms of sentences

Question 17

overextension

Answer 17

toddlers using one word to represent a variety of related objects; furry objects are dogs

Question 18

underextension

Answer 18

applying a general word to a specific object

Question 19

fast mapping

Answer 19

when toddlers learn the name of an object after being taught once

Question 20

telegraphic speech

Answer 20

two-word combinations

Question 21

overregularization

Answer 21

applying grammatical rules when there is usually an exception

Question 22

sociomoral emotions

Answer 22

secondary emotions toddlers learn from cultural rights and wrongs

Question 23

self recognition

Answer 23

being able to see themselves and understand themselves as individuals

Question 24

gender

Answer 24

the cultural categories of M and F

Question 25

ethology

Answer 25

the study of animal behavior that provides biological basis of human gender differences

Question 26

secure base

Answer 26

foundation for how children choose to explore their environments

Question 27

goal corrected partnership

Answer 27

primary attachment figure and child use language to communicate about the child’s needs and the primary attachment figure’s responses

Question 28

strange situation

Answer 28

a series of intros, separations, and reunions between child, mom, and stranger

Question 29

polygyny

Answer 29

men with multiple wives

Question 30

solitary play

Answer 30

playing alone

Question 31

parallel play

Answer 31

doing the same things without acknowledging each other

Question 32

simple social play

Answer 32

talking, smiling, sharing toys

Question 33

cooperative pretend play

Answer 33

executing shared fantasy

Question 34

autism spectrum disorder

Answer 34

persistent deficits in social communication across contests, repetitive and restrictive behavior

Question 35

displacement effect

Answer 35

the fact that time spent watching TV is time not spent reading or playing with other children