Chapter 5 Toddlerhood Flashcards
Kwashiorkor
protein deficiency leads to lethargy, irritability, thinning hair, and water swelling in body (mostly belly)
Micronutrients
iron, zinc, vitamins: A, B12, C, & D
synaptic density
the number of synaptic connections among neurons
EEG
a machine that measures the electrical activity of the Cerebral Cortex
fMRI
uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow and oxygen use in the whole brain in response to stimulation
mental representations
when toddlers think about possible actions and choose the one most likely to workout in their favro
deffered imiatation
the ability to repeat action observed earlier
zone of proximal development
the distance between skills that children have mastered and the ones they can do if guided by someone more competent; adult or peer
private speech
children talking to themselve’s in self guiding way; external becomes internal
scaffolding
the degree of assistance given to kids in zone of proximal development
guided participation
inetaction between two people as they participate in a acultrually valued activity
infinite generativity
the ability to use words and combine them in hella ways
broca’s area
zone in the brain specialized for language production
wernicke’s area
zone in the brain specialized for language comprehension
language acquisition device
the device children are born with that lets them see and grasp grammatical rules in the language around them
holophrases
single words used by toddlers that represent different forms of sentences
overextension
toddlers using one word to represent a variety of related objects; furry objects are dogs
underextension
applying a general word to a specific object
fast mapping
when toddlers learn the name of an object after being taught once
telegraphic speech
two-word combinations
overregularization
applying grammatical rules when there is usually an exception
sociomoral emotions
secondary emotions toddlers learn from cultural rights and wrongs
self recognition
being able to see themselves and understand themselves as individuals
gender
the cultural categories of M and F
ethology
the study of animal behavior that provides biological basis of human gender differences
secure base
foundation for how children choose to explore their environments
goal corrected partnership
primary attachment figure and child use language to communicate about the child’s needs and the primary attachment figure’s responses
strange situation
a series of intros, separations, and reunions between child, mom, and stranger
polygyny
men with multiple wives
solitary play
playing alone
parallel play
doing the same things without acknowledging each other
simple social play
talking, smiling, sharing toys
cooperative pretend play
executing shared fantasy
autism spectrum disorder
persistent deficits in social communication across contests, repetitive and restrictive behavior
displacement effect
the fact that time spent watching TV is time not spent reading or playing with other children
