Chapter 6 Early Childhood

Question 1

corpus callosum

Answer 1

the band of neural fibers connecting the left and right hemispheres of the cerebral cortex

Question 2

cerebellum

Answer 2

a structure at the base of the brain involved in balance and motor movements

Question 3

reticular formation

Answer 3

part of the brain involved in attention

Question 4

infantile amnesia

Answer 4

the loss of memories before 4-5 years old

Question 5

semantic memory

Answer 5

the memory of unique events

Question 6

autobiographical memory

Answer 6

type of episodic memory; the recollection of specific personal experiences

Question 7

amnesia

Answer 7

iron deficiency

Question 8

preoperational stage

Answer 8

the stage before kids develop logic; 2-7 years old

Question 9

conservation

Answer 9

the principle that the amount of a physical substance is the same even if its appearance changes

Question 10

reversibility

Answer 10

the ability to mentally reverse an action

Question 11

centration

Answer 11

thinking focused on one noticeable aspect of a cognitive problem to the exclusion of others

Question 12

egocentrism

Answer 12

the inability to distinguish between your perspective and someone else’s

Question 13

animism

Answer 13

attributing human thoughts and feelings to objects and forces

Question 14

classification

Answer 14

understanding that objects can be part of more than one group at the same time

Question 15

theory of mind

Answer 15

the ability to attribute mental states to self and others and to understand that others have their own beliefs, intentions, and perspectives

Question 16

early intervention program

Answer 16

program directed at young children who are at risk for later school problems; low income

Question 17

sensitive period

Answer 17

a period when the capacity for learning in a specific area is especially profound

Question 18

pragmatics

Answer 18

the social rules for using language with others

Question 19

emotional self regulation

Answer 19

controlling own emotions

Question 20

undercontrol

Answer 20

not controlling emotions enough

Question 21

externalizing problems

Answer 21

agression and conflict with otuhers

Question 22

overcontrol

Answer 22

excessive emotional sefl regulation

Question 23

internalizing problems

Answer 23

internal emotional issues

Question 24

initiative vs guilt

Answer 24

the stage of erikson’s psychosocial theory that says that children need to have balanced emotional control to prevent excess guilt and promote initiating activities

Question 25

socialization

Answer 25

the provess of children learning behaviors and beliefs based on the culture they live in

Question 26

modeling

Answer 26

children basing their behavior off what they’ve observed from others

Question 27

gender identity

Answer 27

understanding oneself as male or female

Question 28

gender constancy

Answer 28

the belief that femaleness and maleness are biological and unchanging

Question 29

gender roles

Answer 29

cultural expectations for appearance and behavior based on sex

Question 30

gender schemas

Answer 30

a way of understanding the world through a lens of gender socialization

Question 31

self-socializing

Answer 31

seeking to maintain consistency between schemas and own behavior

Question 32

peers

Answer 32

people that share an aspect of their status

Question 33

instrumental aggression

Answer 33

using aggression to get what you want

Question 34

hostile aggression

Answer 34

exhibiting anger and intending to inflict pain/harm on others

Question 35

relational aggression

Answer 35

damaging someone’s reputation through social exclusion or gossip