Chapter 1- A Cultural Approach to Human Development Flashcards
human development
the way people grow and change over the lifespan
culture
the pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art, and tech
total fertility rate
births per woman
developed countries
countries with most cash
developed countries list
north america, jp, sk, aus, nz, chile, most of europe
developing countries
countries with less cash that are experiencing fast economic growth
individualism
values centered around independence and self-expression
collectivism
values centered around obedience and group haromony
traditional cultures
groups in rural areas of developing countries that follow traditions
globalization
increased connections throughout the world in trade, migration, and communication
majority culture
group with most power that sets norms and standards
types of power
political, economic, social
contexts
settings and circumstances that influence pathways of human development
minority culture
groups defined by ethnicity, religion, and language
ses class
education level, income level, and occupation level
ethnicity
group of people based on cultural origin and traditions, race, religion, and language
ecological niche
a set of environmental conditions in a specific place and time
ontogenetic development
individual development
phylogenetic development
human species development
natural selection
offspring best adapted to their environment survive and pass the torch
hominin
line that led to humans
homosapiens
humans characterized by larger brains, wider pelvises, longer periods of childhood dependency, development of tools, and controlling fire
hunter-gatherer
lifestyle where females cared for kids and gathered berries while males hunted or scavenged
upper paleolithic period
50,000 - 10,000 years ago that had the first appearance of art, trade, and cultural differences
neolithic period
10,000 - 5,000 years ago characterized by agricultural advancements and the extinction of earlier animals
civilization
around 5,000 years ago characterized by cities, writing, specialization, centralized state, and different classes
evolutionary psychology
the study of how current behavior and cognitive patterns are a result of adaptations over time
darwin
natural selection
hall
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
development of the individual reflects development of the species
gesell
supporter of nature in nature vs nurture argument; maturational development
maturational development
kids do what they want when they’re ready
psychosexual theory
sexual desire drives human development based on 5 stages
psychosocial theory
the need to be integrated into social and cultural environment drives human development
ecological theory
five interconnected systems in a social environment drive human development
cultural-developmental model
a model for understanding human development in a cultural context that is guided by 3 principles
id
impulsive pleasure-seeking
ego
reality principle compromise
superego
develops conscious that controls guilt induction
mesosystem
a network of interconnections between microsystems
microsystem
immediate environment
macrosystem
cultural beliefs and values that government is based on
exosystem
doesn’t experience directly but it affects the individual
chronosystem
changes in developmental circumstances over time based on individual development or historical context
emerging adulthood
in developed countries, this group continues education into late twenties and has delayed responsibilities
research measurement
the approach to collecting data
research design
the plan for when, where, and with whom to collect the data
peer-reviewed
peers check the study for accuracy and credibility as well as its importance to the field
theory
an original framework of connected ideas that implies further research
closed questions
answers provided in a questionnaire
open-ended
fill in the blank questions
qualitative
non-numerical; words, videos, pics
quantitative
numerical data
biological measurements
data on genes, hormones and brain functioning
reliability
consistency
validity
honesty
ecological validity
the extent to which there is a fit between the measurement approach and the everyday life of the people being studied
experimental design
comparing an experimental group to a control group
interventions
programs to change the attitudes or behaviors of participants
natural experiment
a situation that the researcher can’t control but can be observed
ethnographic research
researchers spending a lot of time with participants to study them
correlational design
data collected on variable of interest with no manipulation
correlation
a statistical relationship between variables
longitudinal
the same participants studied over time
cohort effect
explanation for age gaps; differences between age groups due to different times of birth
time measurement effect
differences with age that are due to the time in history when the measurement was taken
sequential studies
two or more longitudinal studies with two or more birth cohorts
