Genetics and Epigenetics Review

Question 1

Epigenetic control of gene expression occurs via 2 paths: ______________________ (methylation) and ________________ ( changes to the histones to which the chromosomal DNA is wrapped around)

Answer 1

DNA chemical alteration
Protein packages are modified

Question 2

Gene expression is the process where information from a __________________ is translated into a substance like a _____________ that is used in a cell’s structure or function

Answer 2

Gene’s DNA sequence
protein

Question 3

Epigenetics is what ultimately controls an organism ___________________. Alterations in gene expression unrelated to ________________________.

Answer 3

Beyond genetics
DNA sequence

Question 4

Despite cells having the same genetic material, differentiation is the result of ____________________________ which contributes to different degrees of gene expression.

Answer 4

epigenetic modifications

Question 5

Flow of genetic information in bio system is _____________________, transcriptions and _______________________

Answer 5

Replication and translation

Question 6

Replication is when DnA is copied resulting in ____________________ _______________ which are the inheritable information present in daughter cells. ________________________ is the enzyme that starts this process

Answer 6

identical genomes
DNA polymerase

Question 7

During transcription, one form of ______________ is transcribed into a digestible form known as ________________. _________________ is the enzyme that starts this process

Answer 7

Nucleic acid
RNA
RNA polymerase

Question 8

Translation is _________________ ________________ into mRNA. The process of _______________ to _________ renders the genetic information into functional form and takes place on the __________________

Answer 8

selective expression
nucleic acid to protein
Ribosome

Question 9

The major components of epigenetic machinery include ____________, histone modfication and ___________________

Answer 9

DNA methylation and microRnA profile

Question 10

DNA methylation is the methylation of the _______ position of cytosine and occurs in the context of paired _________________

Answer 10

fifth
symmetrical methylation of CpG site

Question 11

Histone modification is a post translational modification to histone proteins which includes _________, ____________, _________, sumoylation (SAM) and ubiquitylation.

Answer 11

methylation
phosphorylation
acetylation

Question 12

The post transcriptional modifications in histones can impact gene expression by altering _________ structure or recruiting histone modification.

Answer 12

Chromatin structure

Question 13

Post transcriptional modification is the control of gene expression at the ____________ level. It occurs between __ and _____ of the gene.

Answer 13

RNA
transcription and translation

Question 14

Risk and presence of some cancers and other diseases is associated with lower intake of fruits and vegetables given they have increased ____________ activity. Fruits and vegetables are know to have HAT.

Answer 14

HDAC

Question 15

MicroRnAs are small RNA molecules that can __________ control their target gene expression post ______________

Answer 15

negatively
transcription

Question 16

Why are dietary sources of choline, b12, folate important?

Answer 16

They act as cofactors towards methionine production thus resulting in the dna methylation process

Question 17

Methylation _______________ RNA production as the transcription process is halted by the turned off genes

Answer 17

inhibits

Question 18

With two copies of SIRT gene, consumption of less than 14 mg niacin ________________ life expectancy while zero copies

Answer 18

decreases, increases

Question 19

The capacity to digest sugars _______with the sucrase varient as it causes ________ hydrolysis

Answer 19

decreases, inefficient

Question 20

Protein recomendations are vital during pregancy as outside limits effects ___________ 1 subunit genes which are important for chromosome condensation and segregation.

Answer 20

condensin

Question 21

A high fat diet impacted the _____________ accessibility of mice and the effects for one mouse was _______________

Answer 21

chromatin, irreversible

Question 22

High sucrose diet changed the mRNA expression of 109 genes involved with ____________________, cell cycle control and transduction signaling.. leading to increased risk of ________________

Answer 22

cell adhesion
intestinal tumorigenesis

Question 23

microRNA example; lifestyle/diet of individual can have impact on the ________ health leading to generational consequences post ________________

Answer 23

sperm
transcriptionally

Question 24

Gluten intolerance: modifcations in the expression of HLA-DQ gene resulting in an immune repsonse to __________

Answer 24

gliadin

Question 25

Adrenoleukodystrophy is caused by a defect in the _________ gene in which _____________ are not metabolized, accumulates in tissues and impact normal cell function

Answer 25

ALDP,
VLCFA